Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking Essay

Brief Summary and â€Å"Arrangement† of the Book: Malcom Gladwell distributed the most lovely book, â€Å"Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking,† which he broadened the milestone style of his main global blockbuster The Tipping Point. Gladwell changed the thoughts of how individuals comprehend the world inside its quick choices. The Blink is about the intensity of deduction without intuition, which decisions that appear to be settled on in immediate arrangements in a matter of seconds of an individual that can’t be as straightforward as it might appear to be. Flickered talked about the numerous components that influence the people decisions, culture, and even their accomplished, in which told how they can be improved. Gladwell states different reasons and models why the human mind is important to settle on a right choice without deduction and inspect data that is important to pick a strategy, which he named this capacity as â€Å"thin-slicing.† The â€Å"Blink† is organized beginning with a worthw hile presentation, trailed by a few parts, end, and extra-literary components, for example, the afterword, author’s notes, list, and finished with an uncommon segment of a perusing bunch manage. Presentation. The Statue that Didn’t Look Right-The creator starts by presenting the idea of quick responses to individuals whether it’s physical or passionate reactions. Along these lines, Gladwell’s story identifies with a specific kind of a sculpture by the J. Paul Getty Museum in California, which was known as a kouros. He continues to clarify the scrutinizing of the sculpture and to find out reality of how proprietors keep up the exhibition hall to remain open in broad daylight. Despite the fact that the exhibition hall confronted a few clashes, it was demonstrated that the possession records were manufactured, but then the historical center revived. Part I. â€Å"The Theory of Thin Slices: How a smidgen of Knowledge Goes a Long Way†: The primary part accounted how Gladwell presents the fundamental idea of the â€Å"thin-slice,† enumerating the way people’s personalities can settle on energetic choice but then make decisions also. He utilizes various ideas to represent the people inside their capacity of intuition without deduction, in giving a case of wedded couples. By watching tapes of wedded couples, the exploratio n group started to determine a framework that uncovers some profound seatedâ problems in the marriage through their non-verbal communication examples and signals. Section II. â€Å"The Locked Door: The Secret Life of Snap Decisions†: The setting of this part talks about the narrative of how more often than not, we make snap decisions unwittingly and settle on fast choices from it. The creator clarifies the diverse test that was never really demonstrate his thinking by the understudies who took an interest in little tests. This can urge us to reexamine of how certain we are with our considerations. Gladwell additionally exhibits how people appear to be normally jumpy with vagueness, so we unwittingly make stories that represent choices we make or inside our activities. Part III. â€Å"The Warren Harding Error: Why We Fall for Tall, Dark, Handsome Men†: This part comprises of the effect of the Warren Harding mistake, which has the negative side to quick reasoning and it influences the precision of the manner in which we settle on quick choices. Because of this mistake, individuals can make others make bogus ends with no reasoning further. At the end of the day, we can have a superior control with our contemplations and even structure a progressively precise judgment for ourselves. Part IV. â€Å"Paul Van Riper’s Big Victory: Creating Structure for Spontaneity†: In this part, the creator talks about the instance of Paul Van Riper, an authority in the Marine Corps inside military way of thinking. He clarifies how on the spot judgment calls wasn’t the best decision since its result is rarely sure. Regularly, Gladwell fights, the best choices are made by depending on just a couple of snippets of data which could simply draw out the procedure and not become valuable. Section V. â€Å"Kenna’s Dilemma: The Right-and Wrong-Way to Ask People What They Want†: The creator centers around an alternate idea in this part portraying about Kenna, a stone performers who might get an alternate responses from a crowd of people. Gladwell exhibits that expelling an issue from its typical setting makes it extremely hard for us to really settle on precise choices. In the long run it is understood that the vast majority would persistently make off base judgment when it did not depend on their range in information and how it will claims to other people. Section VI. â€Å"Seven Seconds In the Bronx: The Delicate Art of Mind Reading†: The writer determines the negative results that can happen when a progression of decisions are settled on in fast choices. Gladwell utilizes a speci alist examines, similar to a man named Amadou Diallo, who was shot and executed by cops after the confusions that occurred and turned into a colossal mix-ups. This shows the sort of adrenaline surge can cause the cerebrum inâ creating an unseemly activities and could hurt the others around us. End. â€Å"Listening with Your Eyes: The Lessons of Blink†: To close this novel, the creator describes that the intensity of choices made in a matter of seconds lies without different elements and its activities. The book closes with Glawell urging perusers to take this exercise and gain from it so as to make positive results and change the propensity for settling on quick choices. Logical Analysis: Exigence-Malcolm Glawell was propelled by his craving to show individuals that settling on fast choices have more an incentive than what we really think. He says, â€Å"I accept that the assignment of comprehending ourselves and our conduct necessitates that we recognize there can be as much incentive in a matter of seconds as in long stretches of sound analysis.† (17), recommending that we should concentrated on what we really know, and analyzed the procedures of how we think in settling on choices with the goal for it to make a positive result and convey a superior world. Crowd The crowd would apparently be for the individuals who accept that the best choices are made after a specific measure of time in gathering and examining of top notch data. The reality of how â€Å"decisions made rapidly can be very piece on a par with choices made warily and deliberately.† (14). His composing is coordinated to individuals who frequently establish snap decisions and first connect ions for better methods for comprehending the world and by not putting stock in the legitimacy of squint choices. Reason Gladwell’s intention is to instruct ourselves to think intelligently and intentionally in controlling our fast discernment inside it steady arrangement of reasons. The author’s design was, â€Å"to shape and oversee and teach the oblivious reactions.† (16). His motivation illuminates and teaches the perusers for them to make a move and utilize their capacity in developing ourselves. The errand of â€Å"Blink† is to persuade individuals regarding a persuading his perusers that snap decisions and early introductions can be taught and controlled. The author’s reason illuminates and teaches the perusers for them to make increasingly positive result with regards to deciding. Logos-The writer gave an understanding of utilizing consistent intrigue such asâ statistics because of how this book depends on a genuine story. Gladwell alludes to the research center work of a clinician named John Gottman at the University of Washington. Gottman has made a coding framework that can be utilized to investigate a tape in each possible feeling that a wedded couple may communicate during a discussion. This coding framework focal points of each enthusiastic subtlety, bits of exchange, and development recognized by the sensors that is figured in which can be utilized to anticipate, with 95% exactness whether that couple will at present be hitched fifteen years after the fact (21). Another model was the manner by which the creator incorporated the observers’ appraisals which anticipated with superior to 80% exactness of relationships around this time (47). From the measurements that he gave, the perusers would know about creation choices with just little data given in a short measure of time. Poignancy Gladwell may have not utilize a compelling feeling yet rather he had the option to utilize his method in tending to the peruser legitimately which expands the measure of correspondence among himself and the peruser. On â€Å"The Warren Harding Error,† the peruser is approached to step through an exam on oblivious associations. Be that as it may, with the end goal for him to pick up this association inside his peruser, on occasion, he poses inquiries, for example, â€Å"That was simple, right?† and more expressions like â€Å"Now attempt this†¦ did you notice the difference?† (78-80). It is known as the Implicit Association Test (IAT), which was a concocted in making associations. Consequently, Gladwell’s procedure gives the peruser a feeling of being natural to this test and prompts all the more understanding with those conditions when fast insight drives us off track. Ethos-â€Å"Bink,† by Malcolm Gladwell alludes to the unimaginable works of taught and experienced people like John Gottman a clinician at the University of Washington (18.) Another reference was Paul Ekman and Silvan Tomkins, which they built up the Facial Action Coding System, or FACS (204). This framework collected the principles for perusing and deciphers a large number of mixes of developments or its activities that make up outward appearances. Malcolm Gladwell is likewise the creator of the number 1 global hit The Tipping Point. Gladwell is a staff essayist for The New Yorker and was once in the past a business and science columnist at the Washington Post (back spread). The writer sets up his believability to get the peruser toâ acknowledge his ability as an essayist. Style/tone-The author’s in general tone was intense because of the measure of data th

Rape, what to do while being raped, and reporting rape Essay

Assault, what to do while being assaulted, and revealing assault - Essay Example This paper will talk about what to do and how to report assault with the goal that the attacker can be sentenced for his dishonorable demonstration. The fundamental impulse is shout, yell, kick, punch and holler at the attacker. This helps when you are in swarm and your yelling may carry help to you. At the point when you begin getting the inclination in any case that someone is attempting to bug you explicitly by contacting or through some other signals, you should as a matter of first importance let him know uproariously to disregard you or yell â€Å"Help†. At that point on the off chance that you are assaulted, at that point it is characteristic that you will and need to yell for the good of you. Kick him in his crotch sufficiently hard to get his hands off you. Yet, consider the possibility that you are in a ruined spot. Attackers like abandoned spots where the casualties can't call for help or where there are no observers. All things considered, shouting will do nothing but bad and the better thing is submit to the attacker to shield him from getting progressively brutal and harming you more. Men generally prefer to see fear they cause in women’s eyes and they appreciate it. Along these lines, when there is no assistance around, it is smarter to remain quiet so you can think of some plan to end this up. In any case, on the off chance that you choose to battle which is characteristic, at that point hit the attacker on the off chance that you have something sharp in your grasp like a jug or anything you can snatch and hit that will make him alter his perspective from proceeding. Another great tip is that you should imagine as though you are going to upchuck on the rapist’s face (Crislip). You can likewise have a go at gnawing h is hands or ears which will make him enough agony get off you. You can likewise disclose to him that you are experiencing AIDS! Subsequent to knowing this, he will unquestionably not wish to assault you or will end even in the center of the assault. In spite of the fact that disgusting to state here, however a definite tip to get him off you is to snatch his scrotum and crush it hard till he hollers for his life. You can do this by imagining as though you are getting a charge out of the demonstration and afterward snatching his touchy zone and harming it hard. Regardless of whether you

Dealing With the Stress of a Disappointing Election

Dealing With the Stress of a Disappointing Election Stress Management Situational Stress Print How to Deal With the Stress of a Disappointing Election By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on August 09, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Zero Creatives/Getty Images Political elections these days have become quite intense â€" we have very passionate participants on both sides, and  with so much passion on both sides, the side of the candidate who did not win inevitably feels disappointment and stress from having things go the other way. Its important for a nation to be united and move forward after a fiercely fought campaign, and its important for voters to feel better and less stressed about the results if the results werent what they hoped for. Here are some strategies for relieving stress about an election. Set Boundaries Many people got used to checking 24-hour news channels and websites and staying abreast of every turn in the campaign over the past several months. Now that the election has happened, you may start realizing that it was all a bit overwhelming. If you feel a little overwhelmed, try to limit your news exposure, or go on a news fast for a few days, to give yourself a break. While taking a break from the news, you may also want to expose yourself to new scenery that reduces stress: Take a walk with your family in the evening, go to an exercise class (exercise is a great stress reliever), or try some guided imagery for a quick change of scenery. You’ll be glad you did. Do Something People have already been volunteering and getting involved with the political campaigns in high numbers. Now that the campaigns are in the past, you might enjoy volunteering for a worthy cause that’s important to you. Doing something with your stressed energy can help you deal with your anxiety, give you a sense of control (read here about the benefits of gaining an internal locus of control), and take your mind off the stress of your candidate not winning. Change Your Focus Having your candidate not win can be very disappointing. As with other situations where you experience anxiety but have no power to directly change your circumstances, one thing you can do to reduce stress is to change our outlook. While you don’t have to be enthusiastic about the other candidate winning, you can reduce the anxiety you feel about the situation by changing what you focus on. You already know what you dont like about the other candidate, but you might feel better if you looked for qualities or possibilities that you can feel good about â€" nobody agrees or disagrees with 100% of another persons views and policies, so chances are good that there are some positives for you in this situation as well. If you look and still cant find anything about this outcome that doesnt feel terrible to you, it might help you feel better to focus on other things in life that bring you happiness, like friends and family. (See this article for more on changing your perspective with cogni tive restructuring.) Talk to Someone It can be very cathartic to talk to friends and family who agree with your political views. Get together and talk about your disappointment, and you may feel better just getting your feelings out; youll also feel supported and understood. Sometimes just sharing your feelings through journaling helps you to let go. If you find that your feelings are so intense that theyre interfering with your regular functioning, you may even want to talk to a professional. Regular Stress Management Stress is stress. Whether your stress comes from election fears or something else, it’s important to have some standard stress relievers you have up your sleeve to keep your current stress from morphing into chronic stress, where your stress response gets triggered and never quite gets turned off. Some of my favorites are breathing exercises, regular exercise, meditation, social support, and journaling.

What You Need to Know About the Executive Assessment

The Executive Assessment (EA) is a standardized exam developed by the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC), the organization behind the GMAT. The exam is designed to help business school admissions committees assess the readiness and skills of experienced business professionals who are applying to an Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBA) program. Who Should Take the Executive Assessment? If you are applying to an MBA program of any kind, including an EMBA program, you will almost certainly have to submit standardized test scores as part of the admissions process. Most business school applicants take either the GMAT or GRE to demonstrate their readiness for business school. Not every business school accepts GRE scores, so the GMAT is taken more often. The GMAT and GRE both test your analytical writing, reasoning, and quantitative abilities. The Executive Assessment tests some of those same skills and is meant to replace the GMAT or GRE. In other words, if you are applying to an EMBA program, you can take the Executive Assessment instead of the GMAT or GRE. How Business Schools Use the Executive Assessment Business school admission committees assess your standardized test scores to get a better understanding of your quantitative, reasoning, and communication skills. They want to see if you have the capacity to understand the information being presented to you in a graduate business program. They also want to make sure that you will be able to contribute something to the class discussions and assignments. When they compare your test score to the scores of candidates who are already in the program and scores of other candidates who are applying to the program, they can see where you stand in comparison to your peers. Although test scores arent the only deciding factor in the business school application process, they are important. Getting a test score that is somewhere in the score range for other candidates will only increase your chances of getting accepted to a graduate level business program. The GMAC reports that while most business schools use Executive Assessment scores to assess your readiness for an academic business program, there are some schools that also use your score to help you succeed in the program. For example, a school may determine that you need additional quantitative preparation and recommend a refresher course prior to starting certain courses within the program. Test Structure and Content The Executive Assessment is a 90-minute, computer-adaptive test. There are 40 questions on the test. Questions are split into three sections: integrated reasoning, verbal reasoning, and quantitative reasoning. Youll have 30 minutes to complete each section. There are no breaks. Heres what you should expect on each section of the test: The integrated reasoning section has 12 questions. The question types that youll encounter on this section of the test include multi-source reasoning, graphics interpretation, two-part analysis, and table analysis. To answer the questions, youll have to use your logic and reasoning skills to evaluate information that is presented to you through a graph, table, diagram, chart, or passage of text. The verbal reasoning section consists of 14 questions. Question types include critical reasoning, sentence correction, and reading comprehension. To answer the questions, youll have to read a passage and then answer questions that test your understanding of the text, your ability to evaluate an argument, or your knowledge of grammar in written English. The quantitative reasoning section has 14 questions. Youll encounter just two different types of questions: data sufficiency and problem-solving. Youll need some knowledge of basic arithmetic (fractions, decimals, percents, roots, etc.) and alg ebra (expressions, equations, inequalities, functions, etc.) to answer these questions, but not much more than you would need to know to pass a freshman algebra class in high school. In some cases, youll be asked to solve a math problem; in others, youll be asked to evaluate the information provided in the question to determine if there is enough data to answer the question. Pros and Cons of the Executive Assessment The biggest advantage of the Executive Assessment is that it is specifically designed to test the skills that you have already acquired in your professional career. So unlike the GMAT and GRE, the Executive Assessment does not require you to take a prep course or engage in other forms of expensive, time-consuming preparation. As a mid-career professional, you should already have the knowledge you need to answer the questions on the Executive Assessment. Another plus is that there is no  analytical writing assessment like there is on the GMAT and GRE, so if writing under a tight deadline is difficult for you, youll have one less thing to worry about. There are drawbacks to the Executive Assessment. First off, it costs a little bit more than the GRE and the GMAT. It can also be a challenging test if you don’t have the required knowledge, if you need a math refresher, or if you arent familiar with the test structure. But the biggest drawback is that it is only accepted by a limited number of schools - so taking the Executive Assessment might not fulfill the standardized test score requirements for the school you are applying to. Business Schools That Accept the Executive Assessment The Executive Assessment was first administered in 2016. It is a relatively new exam, so it is not accepted by every business school. Right now, only a handful of  top business schools are using it. However, the GMAC hopes to make the Executive Assessment the norm for EMBA admissions, so it is likely that more and more schools will begin to use the Executive Assessment as time goes by. Before making the decision to take the Executive Assessment instead of the GMAT or GRE, you should check the admissions requirements for your target EMBA program to see what types of test scores are accepted. Some of the  schools that accept Executive Assessment scores from EMBA applicants include: China European International Business School (CEIBS)Columbia Business SchoolDarden School of BusinessIESE Business SchoolINSEADLondon Business SchoolThe University of Chicago Booth School of BusinessThe University of Hong KongUCLA Anderson

Hydrogen Balloon Explosion Experiment

Leonardo Da Vinci Science and Paintings Free Essays

Leonardo Da Vinci: Science and Paintings Leonardo was a polymath which means he was very knowledgeable and had a large number of expertise’s in many different subjects, a polymath is also known as a renaissance man which Leonardo was titled by many people. He was the first to combine math and science together. Da Vinci started the science revolution which revolutionized the way that scientists researched their information ever since. We will write a custom essay sample on Leonardo Da Vinci: Science and Paintings or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leonardo Da Vinci is widely known as one of the greatest painters of all time and has created many iconic and famous paintings. He used his knowledge of science and his artistic talent together to enhance his artwork. He used objects and pieces of objects that would affect the way light appeared on some of his work and used his study of land to enhance and create nature backgrounds and paintings. Leonardo never finished his work in a short period time he always took a few years or more to complete them in means for his most famous pieces. The Mona Lisa is one of the most famous pieces of his collection. Mona Lisa is the best known, most visited, most written about, the most sung about and the most replicated art painting in the world. Mona was a painting of another man’s wife that had been asked to be painted. Leonardo never returned the painting back to the couple even though he was paid to do the painting. This painting was started in 1503/1504 and was worked away at slowly until 1519. The Last Supper is another very famous painting of his. This painting is the most reproduced religious painting of all time. The painting showed Jesus and his twelve disciples eating supper when he announced that one of the disciples would betray him. This painting was started in 1495 and was completed in 1498. How to cite Leonardo Da Vinci: Science and Paintings, Essay examples

Battle of Thermopylae free essay sample

The Spartan army makes a stand at the Hot Gate sees so that the vast umber of Persians cannot overwhelm them. After the Spartan hold steady f or three days, Philters, a deformed Spartan citizen, defects to the Persians and tells them o f a hidden path that leads behind the Spartan. The Persians use this information to defeat the Sp rattans, who make a valiant last stand in which every remaining Spartan dies. The actual Battle of Thermopile was significantly less epic. Herodotus report s a force of over 5000 Greeks, including the 300 Spartan.This entire force was led by Leo Midas. The reason that so few troops were sent is that both the Carnelian festival and the Olympia festival took place during the battle, so cities only wanted to send advanced guards. After sending g a spy, Xeroxes waits for four days for the Greeks to retreat. On the fifth day, Xeroxes sends M Edwina troops to fight and they fall in large numbers to the Greeks. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of Thermopylae or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Xeroxes then sends his MIM aortas, expecting them to be more successful. Instead, they fall in similar fashion to the Median forces.Eventually the Persians realize the futility Of fighting the Greeks in the confined space Of the pass, and temporarily retreat. Xeroxes is then approached by Philters, a man from Mali , who betrays the Greek forces for money. Philters reveals the existence of a pathway across t he mountain. This pathway was guarded by 1 000 Physician men, and they were attacked and force deed to retreat from Persian forces. The Physicians told the rest of the Greek soldiers about the flan king Persians, The Greeks considered a full retreat, and everyone was ordered to leave by Leonie dads except for the Spartan, the Thespians, and the Thebes.At sunrise, the remaining Greeks a advanced beyond where the pass is narrowest, knowingly headed to their deaths. Again, the Gar seeks fought well 1 above their numbers, however eventually they succumbed to the Persians. Takes many liberties with history to tell the story of King Leonia. The film Akers portray Leonia and his Spartan as supermen, and their enemies as mythic al monsters. The changes that they knowingly make are made in order to turn the story into a f Lully fledged action movie, and secure a larger audience.In ordered do this, the filmmakers mold historical figures together for simplicity and fabricate events to define Leonia character. Several historical figures were rolled into single movie characters for various r sons. The fact that the Spartan government had two kings was neglected so that El Oneidas could stand out as a wise king who knew better than the senate. The often quoted line in t he film where the Persians boast that their arrows blot out the sun and Leonia quips Then w e shall fight in the shade. is actually attributed to a Spartan named Audiences.Herodotus points out Audiences as distinguishing himself above other Spartan, but the filmmakers give his line t o Leonia to make him the bedaubs one. Two Spartan soldiers were sent away by Leonia because of damage o their eyes, they were tasked with delivering a message to Sparta. One return ins to fight while the other returns to his home. Dildos takes place of these two men in the film, and leads the final charge at the end of the movie. The real Spartan who returned home instead of fighting with Leonia was branded a coward.Again, by ignoring these facts the filmmaker s portray the 1 The History of Herodotus , 201234 Spartan as faultless and loyal. The only other Greeks to appear in the film AR e Arcadian, who are given a small role in fighting the Persians. In fact, soldiers were sent by Ar dada, Mycenae, Corinth, Thespian, Thebes and more. The films portrayal of the Spartan hold nag their line for days on end is ridiculous. Soldiers from different cities took turns fighting and resting. The filmmakers did this to make the Spartan seem even more superhuman.The reason for all of these changes is to capture a larger audience by giving people what they want to see, larger than life heroes fighting for freedom and a pretty girl. The most famous scene in the movie, where Leonia yells This is Sparta! an d kicks Xeroxes messenger down a well is completely made up. Xeroxes never sent a m singer to demand Sprats surrender, because the Spartan had a reputation similar to the one this scene gave them. The scene is included in the film because it establishes Leonia a s a protector of his country and the people in it. Another invented scene is the one where Aphelia sees asks to join the Spartan ranks. Leonia seems remorseful and compassionate when he is UN fortunately unable to use Philters in battle. Again, the filmmakers portray Leonia as a caring kin g who wants only the best for the Greek people. Yet another liberty with history taken by the fill makers is the cone where the Arcadian abandon the fight. We already know that the Arc Diana in the film represent a much more diverse group of Greeks, but the Spartan did not sat ND alone to face their death as they did in the film.The Thespian and Thebes soldiers remained all inside them. The filmmakers made this choice because the Spartan fighting and sacrificing the messes alone is significantly cooler and more meaningful. The reason for these scenes and his tortilla imaginations is to show that Leonia and the Spartan are infallible defender s of freedom, justice, and the Spartan way of life. The film is great for understanding the Battle of Thermopile, if you take it w tit a grain 2 of salt.Some things should be fairly obvious inventions, like the monstrous nature Of the 3 Persian soldiers and the role of the Peppers in preventing Leonia from fight nag. Other things dont necessarily matter, like how Philters is a cripple in the film and the nu embers of the Persians are exaggerated. These changes serve to smooth out the plot and m eke it easier to understand while cutting down on time. A filmmaker has to define the world, and sometimes 4 details have to be sacrificed. However, some aspects of the film are unfortunate for learning history. The Spartan method of training soldiers didnt send lone seven year o old boys to fend for themselves. The Spartan method of government is greatly skewed for the purr poses of the plot. In reality, it involved two separate kings, one for home and another for war, and this film makes no mention of that fact. The film also portrays the Spartan senate as being dice Veda by a young corrupt man. Only retired soldiers over the age of 60 were senators, and they had great reputations and connections to the Spartan people.The misinformation is unfit ordinate, but despite all of this, the film still communicates the basic facts about the Battle of There maypole to its 5 viewers. 300 Spartan and a handful of other Greeks stand against almost numerous S hordes Of Persian invaders. They are betrayed and eventually die while fighting in a valid NT effort. All of 6 this is learned by the people who watch , and that is invaluable. Finding the line between fact and entertainment is difficult, and the film isnt trying to teach. It serves to get 7 people interested in a subject they wouldnt have otherwise noticed.