IS cyber bullying an increasing problem for young people in Australia Essay

IS cyber bullying an increasing problem for young people in Australia - Essay Example Ken Rigby explained that this so-called cyber-bullying may be considered as an extension of traditional covert forms of bullying and that this time this is achieved through the use of computers, the Internet and other electronic technology. (p. 112) It is important to underscore that even with the technological context, bullying is still the same: it occurs when a child is subjected to a steady stream of offensive and threatening acts and messages causing stress and fear and without any power to stop it. The physical separation of the bully from his victim is no longer significant particularly in terms of the frequency, scope and depth of harm being given by bullies and experienced by the victims. In a study conducted by Campbell in 2005, it was revealed that approximately 14 per cent of Australian children have been bullied, receiving distressing messages through emails, mobile phones, websites, internet forums and chat rooms. This figures are significant especially amidst the current trends characterized by the increasing rate of cyber bullying and the dangerous effects of this form of aggression as experienced by children across the globe. That is why as in other parts of the world, cyber bullying has become an issue of primary importance in Australia, particularly requiring immediate action from authorities. Mobile phones suddenly became an indispensable accessory for children students as the gadget start to offer multimedia features besides the basic calling functionality. Text messaging also contributed to its appeal among the young. This is the reason why it proved to be a tool in perpetuating bullying as bullies send text messages and mobile phone photos and videos that can be uploaded to the internet for public consumption either to offend, humiliate and hurt other children. According to Eli Cohen, when used for bullying this

Fast Food the Unhealthy Road Taken Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fast Food the Unhealthy Road Taken - Essay Example This is a clear indication that most people  consume  fast foods (Knechtges 2011). Currently, it is true that most people are  busy  due to  commitment  with many responsibilities. As a result, time spent while cooking food has reduced drastically. Therefore, the only option that is convenient  to the majority is the use of fast foods. This has enabled t fast food industry to be successful in recent years. Moreover, the industry’s ability to deliver a consistent quality of food in a large geographical area, and at a fair price has contributed significantly to its growth. Frequent users, of fast foods state that they  like  taking them because of  limited  time that does not  allow  them to  move long distances in search for alternatives. However, one of the most  essential  issues that most people forget concerning fast foods is their lack of  nutrition  value. Considering there are families, who depend entirely  on fast foods throughout t he day without worrying about the nutritional value or the long-term impacts of fast foods on an  individual’s health. One of the main  impacts  related with fast foods is that it makes one  overweight  i.e. obese. This is so because fast foods have  low  fiber concentration, high concentration of carbohydrates, and high level of fat  concentration. These are the elements or characteristics making people consuming fast foods to put on weight.  According to research, it is clear that, most countries where  fast  foods  are highly consumed, majority  of  the population are overweight or obese.  In addition,  most of the  young population  ends up becoming obese or overweight. Over time, obesity or overweight leads to other health problems especially of the heart.... This essay approves that people who prefer to go for a high proportion that may not be healthy instead of considering a healthy and reasonable amount end up endangering their lives. Recently, there has been negative publicity about fast foods. As a result, people have come up with alternatives to solve negative issues associated with fast foods. In addition, the fast foods restaurants have incorporated fruit juice, fruits, and salads alongside the meals or foods sold in their restaurants. A majority of health foundations has approved this because their intention is to ensure that customers consume a balanced and nutritious diet. However, despite attempts to offer a balanced diet, prices charged are high compared to those charged for the unhealthy options such as fast foods. As a result, majority of customers does not consider buying them, but instead prefer the unhealthy option. In most cases, due to the addictive nature of unhealthy foods, young children are enticed to make unhealth y choices. This report makes a conclusion that regular consumption of fast foods leads to significant health hazards. Although people are aware of this fact, incorporating change in their eating habits is not an easy task. Consequently, it is essential to commence change; it is essential to start with basic changes such as a reduction of the frequency of fast food consumption. Instead, people should focus on consumption of home cooked foods that have plenty of vegetables, fruits, and fresh foods. This way, cases of obesity or overweight will reduce. In cases of children, parents should encourage them to take fruits instead of fast foods thus reducing chances of overweight by the under age population.

Child Abuse and Neglect (CAN) Research Proposal

Child Abuse and Neglect (CAN) Research Proposal SYNOPSIS Child abuse and neglect (CAN) is a serious public health problem and occurs in varying proportions or magnitudes, resulting from burden imposed on children by parents or adults. Most adults often impose their wishes on children without any recourse on their feelings. This flagrant (deliberate) imposition more often than not instilled so much fear in the minds of thechildren(such as fear of early marriage, child labour, allegation of witchcraft and so on). Statistics indicate that, there were an estimated 896,000 substantiated cases of CAN in the United States (US) in 2004. Cases involving approximately 4.5 million children were referred to Child Protective Services throughout the country each year for investigation into allegations of abuse and neglect. Of these reported cases 30 per cent concluded were abuse and neglect of children (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). Studies conducted by World Health Organization and International Society for Prevention of Child Ab use and Neglect (2006) showed that CAN has been and continues to be a major public health problem in the United States, Africa including Nigeria. Similarly, a study in Bauchi State showed that 59.8 per cent of schoolgirls were neglected from being enrolled in school (Targeted States High Impact Project- TSHIP, 2012). From the foregoing statistics, there is evidence of CAN, but the prevalence or extent may not have been determined. Child is a valuable asset to a good parent that needs to be protected. The Child Right Act (CRA) in UNICEF-Nigeria (2011)defined a child as a person below the age of 18 years. In this study, a child is a person between the ages of 10-20 years. These children at this age may be vulnerable to CAN because they may not have known their rights, of which these rights are supposed to be protected by parents and caregivers, but, unfortunately, mostabuse and neglect of children is carried out by people the children know and trust, such as parents, foster parents or parents’ partners, schoolmates, teachers, caregivers and employers. Following from above, children who fall victims are mostly abused by people they know and these CAN is either overtly or covertly. Such cases may not even be reported. This worrisome and unprecedented trend is more profound in developing nations of Asia and Africa including sub-Saharan Africa (UNICEF, 2009). Abuse, is a multi-dimensional phenomenon that encompasses a broad range of behaviours, events, and circumstances, unlike random acts of violence or exploitation (National Academies of Sciences (NAS, 2009). NAS described child abuse as all intentional actions that cause harm or create a serious risk or harm (whether or not harm is intended) to a child by a caregiver or other person who stands in a trusted relationship to the child. Child abuse is of different forms, namely: physical, sexual and psychological (emotional and/or verbal aggression. Therefore, physical, emotional and sexual abuse will be examined in this study. Another core concept in this study is child neglect. Child neglect means failure of caregiver to provide for a child’s basic needs. Child neglect manifests in various forms, namely: physical, emotional, educational and medical neglects, which will be examine. Demographic factors may be implicated in the perpetration of CAN. Demographic is the attributes or characteristics that define vividly the children’s population in Bauchi State in relation to abuse and neglect which may be use to predict an occurrence of certain behaviour. In this study, predictors refer to potential attributes or characteristics that can be used to foretell the occurrence of child abuse and neglect by means of special knowledge or inference. Examples of predictors in any given population may include: Age, gender, religious affiliation, marital status, location, family income/economic status, educational attainment and occupation. The current study uses the term â€Å"predictors† to describe potential variables contributing to child abuse occurrence, but makes no assumption as to the causal role of these variables. The respondents of this study are the children(secondary school ), whom acts are perpetrated by the parents. The reason for using children is that, parents may be reluctant to admit abuse or neglect. More so, children at the secondary school age are at the receiving end; they experience it, feel the impact and above all suffer the consequences of CAN. However, parents may be part of those who will provide information on the quantitative data. Prevention refers to actions that make something impossible or very difficult to happen. In this study, prevention refers to the systematic, coordinate actions taken by health personnel, social workers and others to reduce, delay or eliminate child abuse and neglect in society especially in Bauchi state, Nigeria. There are majors for preventing child abuse and neglect. Masures may be a plan that is intended to achieve a particular purpose .These may include: Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention measures, which will be examined in this study. This study will anchor on three theories; Developmental-ecological Model (DEM), Caregiver Stress Theory (CST) and Cumulative Risk Model (CRM). In Nigeria, Child Rights Act 2003 (CRA) incorporates all the rights and responsibilities of children; consolidate against physical, mental or emotional injury, abuse or neglect, maltreatment, torture among others. Regrettably, parents in Bauchi State sent children to hawk, farm for longer period of the day, girls are given out for early marriage, and children are treated with herbs when they fall sick instead of going to the health facilities for proper diagnosis and treatment. Parents regard these as means or acceptable ways of instilling discipline in children. Literature reveals that there is child abuse and neglect in Nigeria including Bauchi State. However, the prevalence or extent has not been ascertained. This is supposedly the situation in Nigeria and Bauchi state in particular. The question, therefore, arises and that is: what is the prevalence of child abuse in Bauchi state. This prompted the researcher to investigate the demographic predictors of CAN by parents and prevention measures in Bauchi State. The purpose of this study is to investigate demographic predictors of CAN and formulate preventive measures against its occurrence. Eleven objectives and eleven corresponding research questions and eight hypotheses where postulated to guide the study. The study will be of great benefit to Lawmakers, parents, public health educators, in-school and out- of-school children (youths) and the public in general. The result may likely reveal that girls suffer CAN than boys. This result will benefit social welfare workers, government and health educators. This will provide adequate knowledge and information to the government; social welfare workers and health workers on how to protect children against CAN in Bauchi State. The study will be conducted in Bauchi state, Nigeria. The study will cover demographic predictors of CAN and prevention measures against child abuse and neglect by parents in Bauchi State. The study is also delimited to forms of child abuse and neglect. These will be studied along side Predictors such as age, gender, religious affiliation, academic level, location, marital status parity and occupation and also be delimited to three theories Developmental-ecological Model (DEM), Caregiver Stress Theory (CST) and Cumulative Risk Model (CRM). The Literature will be reviewed under the following headings, Conceptual Framework;Theoretical Framework; Empirical Studies; and Summary of Review of Related Literature. The study will employ the descriptive survey design. Nworgu (2006); described this design as that permits the description of conditions as they exist in their natural setting. Adalio (2010) used descriptive survey design to conduct a study on demographic predictors of corporal punishment endorsement University of Florida. The descriptive survey research design, therefore, is most appropriate for this study. The successful applications of the design by the aforementioned investigator in her study suggested a possible success for use in this study. Bauchi state was created in 1976 out of the defunct North East state. Bauchi states have twenty Local Government Areas (LGA’s) and have six Emirates. The state spans two vegetation zones namely the Sudan Savannah and Sahel savannah. This made the state to be predominantly farmers. In addition, Bauchi state is endowed with a range of tourist attraction (Yankari game reserve and Sumu wildlife park) that captures and satiates the pleasure and sensibilities of visitors, therefore the â€Å"motto† : â€Å"Pearl of tourism† The population of the state is projected at 4.5million. Like all other ethnic groups in Nigeria, the state operates strong form of social organizations. These organizations (ethnic groups) have cultural similarities and share similar social occupational practice, festivals, naming ceremonies and a high degree of ethnic interaction especially in marriage. Culture and poverty play a key role in CAN in Bauchi state, because most parents give out their daughters in marriage as early as nine years, on the assumption that it prevents sexual promiscuity. The children more often than not, may not know their rights such as right to education, right to life, or even right to be protected. Even if they know their rights, they may not be able to stand for it for the fear of parental punishment. Besides, they still depend on their parents for the provision of their basic needs. This, therefore, makes them vulnerable to CAN in Bauchi State. The population for the study will consist of secondary school children students in Bauchi State which is estimated at 550,421(public and private). The sample size for this study will consists of one thousand five hundred and eleven (1511) secondary school students in Bauchi State Nigeria. This is in line with the suggestion of Cohen, Manion and Morrison (2011), that when a population size is five hundred (500,000.) and above at (95%) confidence level at (5% interval), the sample size should be six hundred and sixty three (663) and above will be the sample (see Appendix II). The multi-stage sampling procedure will be employed to draw up the sample size for the study (see appendix IV). The instrument for data collection will be the researcher structured questionnaire called Demographic Predictors of Child Abuse and Neglect Questionnaire (DePCANQ). The questionnaire will consist of 75 items consisting of four sections: A,B,C, and D, The validity of the instrument will be established by giving the draft instrument, the specific objectives and research questions to five experts, three from Department of Health and Physical Education and one each from Department of Sociology and Science Education (measurement and Evaluation Unit), all of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. They will be requested to determine the suitability of the items and also to determine whether the items are in line with the purpose, and check for appropriateness of the items in terms of language used, objectives, research questions and hypotheses of the study. The experts’ corrections, inputs, and suggestions will be used to produce the final instrument that will be used for the study. To establish the reliability of the instrument, split half method will be used. Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias (2006) explained split half as a method of assessing the reliability of an instrument by dividing the items into two equal parts and correlating the scores in one part with scores in the other. In this study, twenty (20) copies of questionnaire will be administered to twenty (20) respondents in Dengi, Kanam LGA Plateau state who will not be included in the study but who have the same characteristics with the study population. The reason for using split half is to estimate the internal consistency and to exclude some error arising from psychological disposition, fatigue, and health (Gall, Borg, 2007). The reliability of the instrument for section B will be established through the use of Cronbach Alpha technique, since the items of the instrument are polychotomously scored (Nwogu, 2006). The results of the reliability estimates will be shown in the appropriate Appendix. Cronbach Alpha K-R-20 according to Mohsen and Reg (2011) can be used to determine internal consistencies of the instrument. Reliability correlation coefficient of 0.70 and above will be accepted for the instrument. Ellen (2011) explained that if the correlation coefficient attains 0.70 and above, the instrument should be considered reliable for the study. But if the correlation coefficient obtained is not up to 0.70 and above, the instrument will be revalidated to make it reliable for the study. In order to gain access to the respondents, a letter of introduction will be obtained from the Head, Department of health and Physical Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, and will be presented to the respective school principals who will introduce the research to the heads of department, and class teachers (see Appendix). The researcher will administer copies of the questionnaire to the respondents with the help of two assistants. The two assistants will be briefed on the modalities of completing the instrument (DPCANQ). The research and the two assistants will supervise the respondents to ensure that there will be no exchange of ideas during the process of completing the questionnaire. The completed copes of the questionnaire will be collected on the spot to ensure high return rate. Research question 1 and 2 will be answered using frequencies and percentages while research 3-11 will be answered using mean and standard deviation. The entire hypothesis (1-8) will be analyzed using ANOVA statistic at .05 level of significance

Anthrax :: essays research papers

1. The anthrax bacillus is considered the first "germ" proved to cause human disease. In 2001, Anthrax was deliberately spread through the postal system by sending letters with powder containing anthrax. This caused 22 cases of anthrax infection. 2. Anthrax is a serious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a bacterium that forms spores. There are three types of anthrax: skin (cutaneous) lungs (inhalation) digestive (gastrointestinal) 3. Anthrax is not known to spread from one person to another. Humans can become infected with anthrax by handling products from infected animals or by breathing in anthrax spores from infected animal products (like wool, for example). People also can become infected with digestive anthrax by eating undercooked meat from infected animals. 4. The symptoms (warning signs) of anthrax are different depending on the type of the disease: Cutaneous: The first symptom is a small sore that develops into a blister. The blister then develops into a skin ulcer with a black area in the center. Gastrointestinal: The first symptoms are nausea, loss of appetite, bloody diarrhea, and fever, followed by bad stomach pain. Inhalation: The first symptoms of inhalation anthrax are like cold or flu symptoms and can include a sore throat, mild fever and muscle aches. Later symptoms include cough, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, tiredness and muscle aches. 5. Antibiotics are used to treat all three types of anthrax. Early identification and treatment are important. Treatment is usually a 60-day course of antibiotics. Success depends on the type of anthrax and how soon treatment begins. 6. Vaccination. There is a vaccine to prevent anthrax, but it is not yet available for the general public. 7. Those who are often exposed to animals, or those in developing countries, especially those without strong veterinary public health programs. 8. The bacterium's destructive properties are due largely to toxins, which consist of three proteins: protective antigen, edema factor, and lethal factor. Protective antigen (PA) binds to select cells of an infected person or animal and forms a channel that permits edema factor and lethal factor to enter those cells. Edema factor (EF), once inside the cell, causes fluid to accumulate at the site of infection. EF can contribute to a fatal buildup of fluid in the cavity surrounding the lungs. It also can inhibit some of the body's immune functions.

Children’s development of emotional self-regulation Essay

The early years of a child’s life are the most important in terms of their general well-being, their emotional and social development, and their physical, intellectual and emotional growth. Children develop at different paces and a very high proportion of what they learn takes place in the first five to seven years of life. What happens in the home is extremely important to development in early childhood. There is also a growing perception that this is a time when children are most open to high quality care and learning experiences. Children’s development of emotional self-regulation is important for many aspects of their health and wellbeing, including their ability to tolerate frustration, curbs aggressive impulses, delay gratification, and express emotions in socially acceptable ways. Children who are able to regulate their own emotions are better able to interact with their peers, whereas poor emotion regulation in preschool-aged children has been related to higher levels of externalizing behaviors. Children’s deficits in the ability to self-regulate their own behavior have been linked to rapid weight gain and obesity in middle childhood. Children who are good in self-regulation will have better relationships with their teachers and classmates. Read more:Â  Personal factors that affect child development essay You will also do better academically. You will have the motivation to enjoy school and the people around you. You will be confident in the way you talk and act in front of people. This skill will help you to grow up with the proper manners and attitude towards other people. You will gain more knowledge in interaction and conversing with different types of people. Parents play an important role in children’s development of self-regulation of emotions in the early years. At birth, infants lack control over their emotional arousal. Instead, infants’ emotional arousal is regulated by their own biological needs and how parents respond to those needs. Parents comfort infants when they express negative emotions as well as arouse positive emotions in their infants through play and other stimulating interactions. For example, if a one-month-old baby experiences an aversive stimulus, the infant’s crying signals to the parent that he or she is upset. Parents’ actions such as calming or soothing the infant serve to regulate the child’s emotions. Therefore, young infants rely heavily on their parents to regulate their emotions. As children age, they require less assistance in regulating emotions. For example, a four-year-old might self-sooth in response to an aversive stimulus instead of immediately crying. Throughout the first year of life, infants gradually increase their ability to control their own emotional states and they begin to self-regulate emotions before the second half-year of life. Individual differences in children’s abilities to regulate their emotions are apparent by this time, and whether they intend to or not, parents substantially influence these individual differences. Parents can help their infants and toddlers regulate their emotions by learning to say no from the very start! No means no. If there is one thing I cannot stand and I see very often is when a parent cannot say no to their children. Stop being so damn afraid of your child, let them throw a tantrum, they’ll get over it! I cannot express that enough. Discipline is the system in which parents guide and teach their children. This word is often confused with the term punishment. The purpose of discipline is to teach children the difference between right and wrong, to incorporate a sense of limits and appropriate behavior. Teaching discipline is a challenging task for parents and caregivers and not one that is taught overnight. It takes many years for most children to be able to achieve self-control. Also, as children grow and develop, so do the types of things that they must be taught. The method of discipline must grow and change with the child. Caregivers need to be flexible because of changes in children and their environment as children mature and grow. Time out is a very effective form of mild punishment. Time-out literally means time-out from all the things the child enjoys, for example – rewards, parent’s attention, reinforcement, toys, music and all other interesting activities. Time-out has two major goals. The immediate goal is the stop the problem behavior as quickly as possible and the long-term goal is to help the child learn self-discipline. The good thing about time-out is that it does not emotionally harm the child and it models calm and good behavior on the parent’s part. Time-out works best with children age two to twelve. This method should be considered with certain types of behaviors including impulsive, aggressive, hostile and emotional behaviors. Time-out does not work to get a child to begin doing a behavior, but it is very effective in stopping bad behaviors. Time-out can be used initially with one or two target behaviors and once the parent and child get used to the technique it can be expanded to more problem behaviors. The child should be placed in time-out for one minute for every year of life. For example a 5 year old would sit in time out for five minutes. You should use a small portable timer to remind the child when the time-out is over. Once the timer rings parents and or caregivers should ask the child why they went to time-out. Once they produce the answer the parent drops the issue and goes about their daily activities as usual. Time-out is not designed to make a child feel bad or humiliated it should be used to instill that when they act a certain way they will be disciplined for it and take those minutes in time-out to help them realize for themselves that what they did was wrong. Scolding is another common form of mild punishment that should be used by parents. When scolding a child for bad behavior it is important to move close to the child, maintaining good eye contact, being stern, and expressing your feelings while naming the undesirable behavior. It is important to be brief and calm, showing disapproval for the behavior not the child. Another type of mild punishment is natural consequences. Some examples include not wearing an appropriate outfit to school and getting sent to the principal’s office or being careless in not packing a lunch and being hungry at lunchtime. Logical consequences occur for behaviors that do not have natural consequences. Some examples include not eating all of your dinner and then not having any dessert; or riding the bicycle in the street and having the bike taken away for three days or in the case of my 8 years old daughter, rushing through her homework just so she can play on her iPad or watch TV. I, in return take away her iPad and TV privilege’s until she realizes that taking her time and doing her homework without rushing through it, rewards her with her favorite activities such as playing on her iPad, watching TV, etc. Self-regulation in early development is influenced by a child’s relationships with the important adults in her life. As parents and caregivers, providing the experiences, support, and encouragement that help very young children learn to self-regulate is a critical element in quality care.

Project on chemistry: study of digestion of starch by salivary amylase

Objectives of the Project ReportThe main objective of this chemistry project report is â€Å"To Study the digestion of starch by salivary amylase and effect of temperature and pH on it† and To study digestion of starch by saliva. To study the effect of temperature on the digestion of starch by saliva. To study the effect of pH on the salivary digestion of starch.IntroductionEvery health book insists on the chewing of food. The act of chewing stimulates the excretion of saliva. Saliva mixes up with the food and helps its digestion. That is, the enzyme ptyalin or amylase present in human saliva hydrolyse the big molecules of food into many molecules. For example starch into mono-saccharides maltose and glucose; proteins into amino acids and fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Thus saliva not only helps in digestion of food but convert it into energy generating substances.Further, enzymes and their activity are very sensitive to temperature and pH. Even a slight variation in thes e two factors, can disrupt the action of enzymes. In other words, digestion of food by salivary amylase is also effected by pH and temperature and can be verified experimentally. For example, hydrolysis of starch can be verified by testing it with iodine solution. Starch forms blue coloured complex with iodine. If no starch is present in a system it will not give blue colour with iodine.Requirements for Chemistry Project ReportThe requirements for experiment of Chemistry Project Report are as under:Test tubes Test tube stand One dropper Beaker Stop watch Starch and Iodine solution Thermometer Dil. HCl and Dil NaOH solution.Chemistry Experiment ProcedureProcedure for Chemistry Experiment is:1) Collection of Saliva – Rinse mouth throughly with cold water and ensure that it does not contain any food particles. Now take about 20ml of lupe warm water in the mouth and gangle for about three minutes so that saliva mixes up well with it. Spit this into a beaker. Filter, if there is a ny suspended impurity clear filtrate is saliva solution and contains enzyme ptyalin.2) Preparation of starch solution – Take about 0.5g of starch in a 100ml beaker and add enough water to make a paste. Dilute the paste by adding 50ml water and boil for about 5 min.3) Digestion of starch- (a) take 5ml of the starch solution in a test tube. Add 2 ml of saliva solution into it. Mix the solutions well by shaking the tube carefully and start a step watch. (b) After one minute take out two drops of the mixture solution from the test tube with the help of a dropper and transfer it into another test tube containing about one ml of 1% iodine solution. Note the colour produced, if any. (c) Repeat this test after every one minute taking two drops of the mixture solution and fresh 1% iodine solution continue until the test shows no blue colour. Record the time and blue colour intensity.Time Passed after mixing |  Colour Intensity1 Min. –  Deep Blue 2 Min. –  Blue 3 Mi n. –  Light Blue 4 Min. –  No BlueAbsence of blue colour on addition to iodine solution means absence of starch in the mixture solution. That is whole of the starch has got digested or hydrolysed.Procedure: Effect of temperature on the digestion of starch by saliva. Take  three test tubes and label these 1, 2, 3.Take 5ml of the starch solution, 2ml of the saliva solution and 5 ml of water in each test tube. Place test tube No. 1 in water at room temperature, test tube No.2 in a beaker containing water at 500 C and test tube No.3 in boiling water. After 5 minutes, observe the colour change on mixing two drops of the mixture of every tube with one ml of 1% iodine solution. Note the intensity of blue coloured form.ConclusionStarch get hydrolysed by saliva amylase.Procedure: To study the effect of pH on the salivary digestion of starch Take three test tubes and label these 1, 2, 3.Add 5ml of the starch solution, 2ml of the saliva solution in each test tube. Now add 2 ml of water inn test tube No. 1, 2 ml of dil HCl in test tube No. 2 and 2ml of dil NaOH solution in test tube No. 3 and shake carefully. Keep the three test tubes in water at room temperature for about 10 minutes. Add two drops of the solution of each test tube with 1% iodine solution and observe the colour change.ConclusionTemperature effects the digestion of starch by saliva with increase in temp salivary analyse get inactivated and process of digestion do not take place.

Hurricanes Essays (607 words) - Vortices, Tropical Cyclone, Eye

Hurricanes Essays (607 words) - Vortices, Tropical Cyclone, Eye Hurricanes Hurricanes get their start over the warm tropical waters of the North Atlantic Ocean near the equator. Most hurricanes appear in late summer or early fall, when sea temperatures are at their highest. The warm waters heats the air above it, and the updrafts of warm, moist air begin to rise. Day after day the fluffy cumuli form atop the updrafts. But the cloud tops rarely rise higher than about 6,000 feet. At that height in the tropics, there is usually a layer of warm, dry air that acts like an invisible ceiling or lid. Once in a while, something happens in the upper air that destroys this lid. Scientist don not know how this happens. But when it does, it's the first step in the birth of a hurricane. With the lid off, the warm, moist air rises higher and higher. Heat energy, released as the water vapor in the air condenses. As it condenses it drives the upper drafts to heights of 50,000 to 60,000 feet. The cumuli become towering thunderheads. From outside the storm area, air moves in over the sea surface to replace the air soaring upwards in the thunderheads. The air begins swirling around the storm center, for the same reason that the air swirls around a tornado center. As this air swirls in over the sea surface, it soaks up more and more water vapour. At the storm center, this new supply of water vapor gets pulled into the thunderhead updrafts, releasing still more energy as the water vapor condenses. This makes the updrafts rise faster, pulling in even larger amounts of air and water vapor from the storm's edges. And as the updrafts speed up, air swirls faster and faster around the storm center. The storm clouds, moving with the swirling air, form a coil. In a few days the hurricane will have grown greatly in size and power. The swirling shape of the winds of the hurricane is shaped like a dough-nut. At the center of this giant dough-nut is a cloudless, hole usually having a radius of 10 miles. Through it, the blue waters of the ocean can be seen. The hurrica ne's wind speed near the center of the hurricane ranges from 75 miles to 150 miles per hour. The winds of a forming hurricane tend to pull away from the center as the wind speed increases. When the winds move fast enough, the hole developes. This hole is the mark of a full-fledge hurricane. The hole in the center of the hurricane is called the eye of the hurricane. Within the eye, all is calm and peaceful. But in the cloud wall surrounding the eye, things are very different. Although hurricane winds do not blow as fast as tornado winds, a hurricane is far more destructive. That's because tornado winds cover only a small area, usually less than a mile across. A hurricane's winds may cover an area 60 miles wide out from the center of the eye. Another reason is tornadoes rarely last as long as an hour, or travel more than 100 miles. However , a hurricane may rage for a week or more (example: Hurricane Dorthy) In that time, it may travel tens of thousands of miles over the sea and land. At sea, hurricane winds whip up giant waves up to 20 feet high. Such waves can tear freighters and other oceangoing ships in half. Over land, hurricane winds can uproot trees, blow down telephone lines and power lines, and tear chimneys off rooftops. The air is filled with deadly flying fragments of brick, wood, and glass.

Basic Guide to Creating Arrays in Ruby

Basic Guide to Creating Arrays in Ruby Storing variables within variables is a common thing in Ruby and is often referred to as a data structure. There are many varieties of data structures, the most simple of which is the array. Programs often have to manage collections of variables. For example, a program that manages your calendar must have a list of the days of the week. Each day must be stored in a variable, and a list of them can be stored together in an array variable. Through that one array variable, you can access each of the days. Creating Empty Arrays You can create an empty array by creating a new Array object and storing it in a variable. This array will be empty; you must fill it with other variables to use it. This is a common way to create variables if you were to read a list of things from the keyboard or from a file. In the following example program, an empty array is created using the array command and the assignment operator. Three strings  (ordered sequences of characters) are read from the keyboard and pushed, or added to the end, of the array. #!/usr/bin/env rubyarray Array.new3.times dostr gets.chomparray.push strend Use an Array Literal to Store Known Information Another use of arrays is to store a list of things you already know when you write the program, such as the days of the week. To store the days of the week in an array, you could create an empty array and append them one by one to the array as in the previous example, but there is an easier way. You can use an array literal. In programming, a literal is a type of variable thats built into the language itself and has a special syntax to create it. For example, 3 is a numeric literal and Ruby is a string literal. An array literal is a list of variables enclosed in square brackets and separated by commas, like [ 1, 2, 3 ]. Note that any type of variables can be stored in an array, including variables of different types in the same array. The following example program creates an array containing the days of the week and prints them out. An array literal is used, and the each loop is used to print them. Note that each is not built into the Ruby language, rather its a function of the array variable. #!/usr/bin/env rubydays [ Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,Saturday,Sunday]days.each do|d|puts dend Use the Index Operator to Access Individual Variables Beyond simple looping over an arrayexamining each individual variable in orderyou can also access individual variables from an array using the index operator. The index operator will take a number and retrieve a variable from the array whose position in the array matches that number. Index numbers start at zero, so the first variable in an array has an index of zero. So, for example, to retrieve the first variable from an array you can use array[0], and to retrieve the second you can use array[1]. In the following example, a list of names are stored in an array and are retrieved and printed using the index operator. The index operator can also be combined with the assignment operator to change the value of a variable in an array. #!/usr/bin/env rubynames [ Bob, Jim,Joe, Susan ]puts names[0] # Bobputs names[2] # Joe# Change Jim to Billynames[1] Billy

Display Todays Date on Your Website

Display Today's Date on Your Website Server-side PHP scripting gives web developers the ability to add features that change  to their websites. They can use it to generate dynamic page content, collect form data, send and receive cookies and display the current date. This code only works on pages where PHP is enabled, which means the code displays a date on pages that end in .php. You can name your ​HTML page with a .php extension or other extensions set up on your server to run PHP. Example PHP Code for Todays Date Using PHP,  you can display the current date on your website using a single line of PHP code. Heres How It Works Inside an HTML file, somewhere in the body of the HTML, the script starts  by opening the PHP code with the symbol.Next, the code uses the print( ) function to send the date it is about to generate to the browser.The date function is then used to generate the current days date.Finally, the PHP script is closed using the ? symbols.The code returns to the body of the HTML file. About That Funny-Looking Date Format PHP uses formatting options to format date output. The lower case L- or l- represents the day of the week Sunday through Saturday. F calls for a textual representation of a month such as January. The day of the month is indicated by d, and Y is the representation for a year, such as 2017. Other formatting parameters can be seen at the PHP website.

Research Enhanced Interpretation of a Short Story Paper - 1

Enhanced Interpretation of a Short Story - Research Paper Example Just like Grace dropped college in order to continue an affair with a married man, who was also much older than her, Hassan is a lazy, spoiled child who achieves his goals by cheating. Neither of them is able to accomplish the daring dreams of their parents. Although a character like Maureen would never admit it, she is pretty much similar to Hassan’s father, as she always tried to influence her daughter’s destiny and lead her to the ‘right path’, ignoring the child’s real wishes and intentions. Nonetheless, she has the wisdom to ultimately accept her daughter’s decisions. On the other hand, there is an interesting parent – child relation between Maureen and her old mother. Maureen hates all the similarities between her mother and herself, and is extremely jealous of her mother’s close relationship to her granddaughter. On her turn, her mother is obviously enjoying the fact that she was preferred to Maureen, and obviously never misses an opportunity to lecture her daughter. Therefore, due to unrealistic expectations and hurt feelings, each of these relationships is a living failure. Besides, there is a broader parent – child relationship generated by Maureen’s profession as a teacher, and her connection to each of her students – as it is obvious that her indulgence for Hassan’s idleness and lies is somewhat motherly – until the day she catches him cheating on the exam. Then, she decides to adopt a different attitude, by punishing him. Nando Pelusi says in the article ‘Parents and Children in Conflict’, published on the website Psychology Today: ‘I always suspected that my father had it in for me. My dad was a brilliant showman and comedian who turned angry and intolerant around me. Perhaps our most authentic exchange occurred when, as an adult, I finally confronted him about his feelings toward me. He admitted that he thought that his new opportunities had been quashed by parenthood. Harsh? Sure. But

Food chain security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Food chain security - Essay Example concerns related to food products especially during the 1990s mandated the European Union and other nations around the globe to review their policies regarding food safety and finding means in protecting consumers against contaminated food products (Newcomb, 2013, 43). During the year of 2001, the European Union prepared a paper on food safety as framework for the new legal basis for the production of suitable food and animal feed production plus food safety control measures. The Codex Alimentarius Commission is an organization mandated to developing internal guidelines, standards, and recommendations that are meant to reducing risks associated with food contaminations. The Codex Alimentarius established a risk analysis, the HACCP and the approach of the integrated food chain. The paradigm of the food analysis includes risk management and assessment. The risk communication has also been included as the universal principles in the European Union regulations and they are the ones which forms the legal basis of the food safety systems in EU member countries (FAO, 2012). Many people around the world today, including scholars have been concerned on the negative effects of unsafe food on human health. A lot more have begun to explore the issue from a range of perspectives such as crisis management, food safety, state responsibility and so on (Charles, et al n.d, 2). . This paper discusses how the principles of risk analysis and food safety management can be applied to ensure food safety in the food chain. We will evaluate various principles such as HACCP, BCP and Traceability and Recall Management as measure that ensure food safety in food chains. Risk management remains a major concern for governments and food processors in protecting their consumers against harmful food products. Although Risk management may be based on both scientific evidence and risk evaluation, other areas of food production such as environmental protection and animal warfare could be

Discuss the Mexican-American War and its importance Essay

Discuss the Mexican-American War and its importance - Essay Example rts that most of the operations lasted one and half years making the Americans to quickly occupying New Mexico and California (Goldensohn 2006 pg 36). The major consequences of the war were specified in the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The war was highly propagated by the President James Polk to facilitate the American territorial expansion though the Whig party was highly against it. The huge amount of resources in form of money and casualties was highly criticized. The importance of the war historically is immense as it lead to the crucial expansion of the American territory and hence progress. Can one imagine America without California, America would not have become successful economically as it largely depends on California for economic success (Goldensohn 2006 pg 36-48). Had Mexico won the battle America would not have been the superpower as we speak hence America would have been less powerful today. In fact, the acquisition of land to the west allowed America to become rich and more powerful and this is majorly attributed to the Gold Rush that took place in California (Castillo 2008 pg

Microcredit, women and empowerment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Microcredit, women and empowerment - Essay Example While other micro credit programs are usually subsidized by the government Grameen bank microcredit programs does not reduce interest rates but instead charges lower administrative costs (Hashemi, Ruler & Riley, 1996). In definition microcredit is an element of micro finance, which is to provide minimal amounts as loans to individuals who are not able to generate income for themselves and are considered as poor by the definition of that particular economy (Rahman, 1999). Microcredit is the provision of small amounted loans i.e. micro loans to poor people of any country. Such loans help those individuals to generate income for themselves and to live a better life. The role that microcredit plays in the empowerment of women is dependent on many different factors. The most important factor is the managerial control imparted by the program towards the women involved (Goetz & Sen Gupta, 1994). The index developed by Goetz & Sen, Gupta, 1994 shows two extremes sides of the index. On one end according to them are women who have no control over the administrative process of acquiring the loan. Moreover they were not part of the activities which were funded by using the loan. On the other side are women who were part of the entire process (Goetz & Sen Gupta, 1994). They should not only be part of the economic activities which result from the loan but should also be involved in marketing of the produce. According to the study carried out by Goetz and Sen Gupta, married women had very little control over the loans taken by them. This loss of control can have very negative implications for women. If the men are willing to take responsibility of the repayment of the loan it creates no problems for the female involved but totally negates the concepts of microcredit (Goetz & Sen Gupta, 1994). Two other situations can also arise. The members may be partially willing but unable to pay back the loan. In this case women are left to sell household items in order to

Complete Training Program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Complete Training Program - Assignment Example In a hotel environment, there are lots of issues taking place. However, after working the whole day in offices hence they require a lively class so that they do not fall victims. During class hours it is important to resort to interactive and experimental programs so that all the students would grab a little. In order for the program to be successfully completed with effective results, the program should run for six months being that the course is being conducted on the part-time basis. However, this will allow the student to fully complete both theory and practical tests to ascertain their competency in the lucrative field in the Hotel industry. Each and every student taking the course will have to submit a series of theory and practical assignments which will cater for 30% of the final examination at the end of the course. However, this does not mean that the students must dedicate all their efforts towards exams, but through their daily work performance to they will be able to earn points. This affirms that the training is not meant to equip the students with skills to pass the examination but also the ability to confidently work in any given situation with minimum superb vision. To ascertain that the course is well covered, I will not only look at the examination results but also the courage and confidence in the daily work, personal etiquette and customer service criterion among others. Being that learning is a process, I will include unplanned continuous assessment tests which do not require bookwork so that the real picture and efforts in mastering the study topics would be affirmed. First and foremost, learning after work is really tiresome especially in the food industry where there is hardly any rest till evening.

Design a Risk Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Design a Risk Assessment - Assignment Example This risk assessment will therefore be done in order to assess the effect of the expansion plans that was carried out that involved installation of four new wire drawing machines and enlargement of the HCL tank. Even though the company has scheduled risk assessment plans and daily plant machine safety checks, the expansion project falls out of the scope of the scheduled plant assessments that are usually carried out at intervals as the expansion is a new thing in the company hence needing urgent assessment of the risks and how to handle them effectively. The main aim for undertaking this risk assessment is to identify the hazards and risks linked with the expansion work that was done in the wire drawing section and the galvanizing section, analyze the risks and find a solution to them. This assessment to be carried out will be specific in that it will only involve two sections of the plant: wire drawing and GIP section. The hazards in each of the two sections will be identified by four means. The first method of identifying the hazards will be to examine information about the new equipment installed in these two sections (Royer, 2004). The second means will be by consulting the employees and operators who work in these two sections so that they can help identify the potential hazardous situations in their areas of work. The third method will be to determine the potential hazards by examining the work places in the two sections under consideration. The final method will involve brainstorming as a team to help identify and think of the hazards that might be associated with the expansion work. After identifying the hazards, they will be recorded in the Hazard Summary sheet after which risk analysis will be done (Laird & Mccutcheon, 2007). The analysis and assessment done will help in coming up with the ways to counter any hazard that will be identified in the course of this

Complete Training Program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Complete Training Program - Assignment Example In a hotel environment, there are lots of issues taking place. However, after working the whole day in offices hence they require a lively class so that they do not fall victims. During class hours it is important to resort to interactive and experimental programs so that all the students would grab a little. In order for the program to be successfully completed with effective results, the program should run for six months being that the course is being conducted on the part-time basis. However, this will allow the student to fully complete both theory and practical tests to ascertain their competency in the lucrative field in the Hotel industry. Each and every student taking the course will have to submit a series of theory and practical assignments which will cater for 30% of the final examination at the end of the course. However, this does not mean that the students must dedicate all their efforts towards exams, but through their daily work performance to they will be able to earn points. This affirms that the training is not meant to equip the students with skills to pass the examination but also the ability to confidently work in any given situation with minimum superb vision. To ascertain that the course is well covered, I will not only look at the examination results but also the courage and confidence in the daily work, personal etiquette and customer service criterion among others. Being that learning is a process, I will include unplanned continuous assessment tests which do not require bookwork so that the real picture and efforts in mastering the study topics would be affirmed. First and foremost, learning after work is really tiresome especially in the food industry where there is hardly any rest till evening.

General Mills Inc. Executive Summary Essay Example for Free

General Mills Inc. Executive Summary Essay Executive Overview General Mills (NYSE:GIS), our company, is a global consumer foods company. We develop distinctive value-added food products and market with our unique brand names. We work continuously to improve our established products and to create new products that meet our customers’ potential needs and preferences. Our company has $14.88 billion in sales last year. Our sales has grown substantially throughout the years due in large part to our popular brand names, this however is only part of the reason that we has been so successful. We markets global brands such as Green Giant, Old El Paso, HÃ ¤agen-Dazs, Yoplait, Cheerios, Betty Crocker, Bisquick, Progresso and many others with competitive prices. The average U.S. shopper purchases at least one of our products every time they visit the grocery store. In this business model for our company, we include the important inputs and assumptions for the Balance Sheet (historical and future data), Income statements and other estimated model – WACC, Terminal Value, Enterprise Value, Stock Price, etc. After estimating enterprise values in the future, we can find that our company is undervalued. Stock holders are supposed to add holdings of shares and gain more equity. Analysis of the Model All the statistics used in this model can be found in Google Finance, Yahoo Finance and Bloomberg. In calculating the ratios and forecast financials for our company, some trends are difficult to estimate because the data online is not all included. Once we had the ratios calculated, we can find trends and used them to forecast out the balance sheet, Income statement and cash flow statement for the next five years, which would bring us to 2016. Revenue Growth – According to the Sheet FSM-Input, we can find the percent growth % for the last four years are 9.73%, 7.61%, 0.72%, 0.57%. Because it changes a lot in the five years and the rate in recent two years is really low. We use the average growth rate for the next five years. So we are forecasting settling into annual growth of 4.66%, more in line with long-term general growth trends. COGS – In the same sheet, the gross margin from 2007 to 2011 is 39.39%, 39.05%, 38.73%, 42.77%, and 43.21%, in line with analyst forecasts which are also in line with company guidance. These margins are increased from the estimates. We also use the average data for the next five years. SGA – Increase in SGA to 21.44% of revenue for 2011 is under a trend of increasing from 19.21% these five years. We generally forecast a decrease to 20.38% (average) for 2012 and thereafter. It should be a slower revenue growth in the long term, so as for SGA. Tax Rate – Average Income tax rate is 33.8% for the next five years, which between 29.62% to 37% in the last five years. CapEx – Accord the increasing trend of the last five years for CapEx of revenue, we give the assumption that it will increase by 0.5% each year in the next five years. As most of the data are close to this level, we think this assumption appears justifiable. Cost of Debt, Cost of Equity – we used the data of year 2011 to estimate the future value – for the value of WACC. All the data are collected from Bloomberg. Also, the cost of equity can be calculated by CAPM, as the risk-free rate plus the Market Risk Premium multiplied by Beta. Beta – calculated by running a regression comparing yearly returns of GIS for the last five years, and modified with the information from Bloomberg. Risk free Rate – calculated as the average yield on the 10 year Treasury rate over the last six months. In addition, the interest rate for cash and short term debt is almost zero here. Growth rate – we used the dividend growth rate here, as the dividend for last four years as follows: 1.29, 1.22, 1.12, and 0.96. We calculate the increase rate and select the minimum one 1.66%. It is used for the current Terminal Value and the following estimation of equity value. From the Balance Sheet and the Ratio analysis, we can calculate the capital structure of our company. And the above is the result of current value. Our WACC is almost constantly these years – around 5.50% via from 5.04% to 5.82%. We also use the scenario analysis for how the WACC and growth rate affect enterprise value and equity value. The full report shows all the forecasting data for 2012 – 2016, it clearly estimate the financial trend of our company (attachment). For the data used in this model, some of them are current data, the other are historical or most recently or average number. It only depends on actually situation – for which method is much more realistic. Conclusion The current enterprise value is $41,335 million and the equity value is $34,455 million. According to yahoo finance, the shares outstanding of our company are 647.31 million, so we can calculate the stock price for next year is $53.23. It will increase in following years. Also, the WACC of our company is always around 5.5%, we can use Monte Carlo Simulation to run the estimation of Equity value by changing WACC, growth rate and COGS/Revenue each year. The random calculation displays as the full report in attachment. The most important thing is that, according to our estimation, the next five-year we will get additional funds needed increasingly with no surplus funds; which means, our assets increase faster than our liabilities. Therefore, our company goes well in the short term future based on this model. In conclusion, General Mills Inc. is undervalued currently, it is recommended for customers to add holding of stock shares. Overall, our company has a long history of impressive performance and has returned significant value to its shareholders. While we operate in a mature industry with limited growth potential, we have a proven ability to seek out new opportunities and continue to grow revenue year after year. We should do our best to let us continuous be one of the world’s most respected packaged food producers. Sources Market Watch. General Mills Inc. Company Profie (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/gis/profile General Mills Inc. (GIS) Annual and other reports. (2012). Retrieved from: http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=74271p=quarterlyearnings General Mills Inc. (GIS). Key Statistics. (2012). Retrieved from: http://finance.yahoo.com/q/ks?s=GIS+Key+Statistics General Mills Inc. (GIS) Current key data. (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.google.com/finance?q=gis Historical Data from Bloomberg.

The Effects Of The Hawthorne Experiments Commerce Essay

The Effects Of The Hawthorne Experiments Commerce Essay The Hawthorne experiments were conducted at Western Electrics Hawthorne plant in Illinois, running from 1924 through 1932. These experiments were intended to examine how people would react to certain conditions such as light, heat, and humidity. These variables were altered and produced both expected and unexpected results. Further trials embarked as Professor George Elton Mayo brought an academic research team into the factory, which were among the most extensive social science studies ever conducted. These investigations have been heavily criticized for merely serving the interest of management. However, these accusations can be argued. The Hawthorne investigations did not only have enormous influence on the human factors to management but also on the development of industrial psychology and sociology. Some maintain their opinion that the human relations approach is misinterpreted, leading to major failures. The Hawthorne studies were initially undertaken to investigate the relationship between physical work conditions and employers productivity. But the experiments represented revolutionary work in the field of management and lead to the creation of the human relations movement. These studies broke the boundaries of the management theory of the time, Taylorism. Scientific management, developed by Frederick W. Taylor, was a concentration exclusively on the physical aspects of work, ignoring the psychological needs and capabilities of the worker. Taylors view of management became inadequate due to the findings of the Hawthorne researchers, who revealed that the physical work environment was one of the only many aspects which influence employee productivity. This style of management became known as authoritarian. The human relations school was concerned with the human aspect of work, meaning that interpersonal relations, especially the feelings within working groups were of importance. Gro up harmony, satisfaction of individual needs, and the care for people were vital. By the individual worker being able to participate and involved in the decision making related positively to the productivity. In other words, this represents a democratic way of leadership. Nonetheless, particular studies also point out that productivity is sometimes positively connected to the authoritarian style. Showing that certain people do prefer to be controlled and directed. The primary experiment for the Hawthorne studies was to examine the connection between the illumination intensity and employee productivity. It showed that as the lightning improved in the experimental room, production increased. But production also rose in the control room. Followed by a slight amount of light in the experimental room, production was still rising, while there was constant illumination in the control room However, the results by 1927 were so confusing, that Elton Mayo and an academic research team were invited to continue a variety of inquiries on productivity and the motivation of worker. The next experiment that took place from 1927 to 1933 was the Relay assembly test room. This engaged a small group of female staff taken to work in a Relay assembly room, away from the regular workforce, varying the number and lengths of breaks and working days. The women were cautiously studied and a total of thirteen periods with different rest pauses, hours of work, and breaks for refreshment were conducted. The result of this phase showed that regardless the changes, there was almost no persistent increase in output. This became known as the Hawthorne Effect. This effect refers to the tendency that people act differently when being observed during a research. The results were influenced by this reaction of the small group of women due to the observation of the researchers. The women were not motivated by the improvements of their working conditions or money, but a reason was that working in a group had increased their output. However, in the group work the productivity rose by 15 percent and management made rest breaks more common. Psychologists were especially interested in this particular study. They found it phenomenal that peoples attitudes changed as they were being watched since it seemed more important than changes to the physical work conditions. The Interviewing programme took place from 1928 until 1930. In this period of time 21,000 employees were interviewed. Interviewers began through asking highly structured questions on work and its conditions and then about non-related work issues, e.g. on family and social issues. The friendlier, the more interest the supervisors showed in the individual worker, and the less harsh discipline existed, the more increases in productivity and morale became significant. The researchers learned a great deal about the staffs attitude towards their job. This findings reveal that workers actually lacked social support and that placing individuals in groups had a positive effect. A famous psychologist, Rensis Likert, contended that organizations should be managed as a collection of groups, rather than individuals. The Bank wiring observations room experiments commenced in 1931 until 1932. This test was conducted without any alteration in the working condition. A group of fourteen workers were taken from the production line and observed for six months. Each employee had three different jobs but worked together in order to produce one output. During this time, the group developed its own procedures to defend its own interests. Productivity remained constant and was unaffected by work payments. The group had developed informal rules of behaviour and determined what was a fair days payment for a fair days work. The workers were afraid that if they produced considerably more output, that the daily unit output would be replaced by an increase of expected output. These results show that the social forces were far more important for the worker than the controls and regulations of the organization. Again stressing the meaning for the worker to belong to a group and not be isolated. Communication from t he superior to the employee would eliminate such misunderstandings. The Hawthorne studies did contribute an immense amount to management and served them enormously as we have seen from the various experiments discussed. It was a revolutionary research project at that point of time and discovered a whole new era in the human relations movement. Nevertheless, the Hawthorne reports did affect psychology and sociology. It affected especially the industrial psychology, meaning the observation of specific human behavior. Especially, the Hawthorne effect was in the interest of the psychologists and it became one of the best-known psychological results. The effect has been generalized to every kind of psychological study. However, recently the Hawthorne effect has been reanalyzed and considering it to be a myth. There is no solid evidence that the workers in the relay room felt better in response to personal attention by supervisors and the participation in a new programme. Criticisms always exist with each single new discovery; someone will always have something to declare. It is up to the manager to know how to handle its business. However, it may be true that Mayos conclusions of human relations movement cannot always be applied. Some organizations need more direction and a specific structure for their employees. Finding a midpoint with both the Taylorism and Mayonism would be an effective way of leadership. Further criticisms pronounce that the Hawthorne studies cannot be seen as an accurate research paper. They insist that there was a lack of adequate control in the study. There were rumours that Elton Mayo did not appear, accurately controlled the variables of the experiment, nor noted them down correctly. Supposedly, changes in the number of participants, misinterpretations, and inaccurate history of work circumstances during the study, provided false results. Adair said: In the first 15 experimental psychology textbooks I examined with reference to Hawthorne, not one had described the studies accurately Yet, these factors are minor when considering the real contributions the Hawthorne studies have brought to management and psychology. These are determents that exist but not make the study any less valuable to knowledge. Another ideological critique argues that the studies showed a pro-management bias in favour of manipulating the workforce. However, the key view of management at th at time was Taylorism, which entirely ignored the human element. No matter how many critiques and debates there are about the faults of the Hawthorne studies, the contributions well over take all assumptions. The discovery that physical work conditions were not the prime importance of the worker but also social factors was a break through. The main conclusions that can be drawn from Elton Mayos experiments are it is essential that work is a group activity, the necessity of recognition, need for security, and job satisfaction. Organizations are social systems, not just technical economic systems. It was proven that management requires social skills and not just technical skills. Only giving the employee specific instructions and demands will give the worker the wrong impression. It is necessary to have some contact in order to achieve knowledge of what is going on between the workers. This knowledge can effectively improve the bosss management skill and through this contact earn the necessary respect. Since, the Hawthorne studies are not methodologically precise, it does not reduce the importance of their findings. They were revolutionary, no one before had noticed that human relations were that important to organizational output. Humans were seen as machines until the studies came along. Then the well being of employee s became of significant and changed the way managerial style. In conclusion, it has become evident that there are various approaches to organizational efficiency. The first significant method was scientific management, where the main focus was on the physical aspect of work, also on the individual worker and not group work. Taylor furthermore ignored the importance of other rewards than money, such as achievement and job satisfaction. As the Hawthorne studies were conducted and moved away from Taylorism, which indicated a paradigm shift, redefining the field of management research. It had broken the traditional theory of Taylor and no study had ever had such an impact on management as the Hawthorne investigations. Elton Mayo was known as the main supporter of the human relations movement in management. He stated that in order to motivate people, meaning increase in output and efficiency, the individual worker has to believe that their corporation cares about them, is concerned, and willing to listen. The emotional and social sides were major at tributes of organizational behavior. These studies did have an enormous amount of influence on management but also on sociology and psychology. In spite of all criticisms, the Hawthorne studies still contributed a significant amount and redefined management. It also brought one of the most important results to psychology. Lloyd, Baird S., Post James E., Mahon, John F. Management, Functions and Responsibilities New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 1990. P. 22 Huczynski Andrzej Buchanan David Organizational Behaviour, Fourth edition. Harlow: Prentice Hall Europe, 2001p. 281 Henderson, George Human Relations Issues in Management Westport: Quorum Books, 1996.p. 24 ibid p. 33 Huczynski Andrzej Buchanan David Organizational Behaviour, Fourth edition. Harlow: Prentice Hall Europe, 2001. p. 280 Warner, Malcolm, ed. International Encyclopedia of Business and Management Volume 2, England: Routledge, 1996. p. 1737. Kakabadse Andrew, Ludlow Ron Vinnicombe Susan Working in Organizations, London: Penguin Books, 1978.P. 191 ibid p. 191 ibid p. 192 Huczynski Andrzej Buchanan David Organizational Behaviour, Fourth edition. Harlow: Prentice Hall Europe, 2001 p. 282-283 ibid p. 283 Warner, Malcolm, ed. International Encyclopedia of Business and Management Volume 2, England: Routledge, 1996. p. 1793 ibid p. 1793 Huczynski Andrzej Buchanan David Organizational Behaviour, Fourth edition. Harlow: Prentice Hall Europe, 2001. p. 289 Warner, Malcolm, ed. International Encyclopedia of Business and Management Volume 2, England: Routledge, 1996. p. 1793 Leahley, Thomas Hardy, A History of Modern Psychology, Second edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. 1994. p. 364 ibid p. 367 Warner, Malcolm, ed. International Encyclopedia of Business and Management Volume 2, England: Routledge, 1996. p. 1740 ibid p. 1741 ibid p. 1740

The Selection and Preparation of Mathematics Teachers :: Education Teaching Essays

The Selection and Preparation of Mathematics Teachers Teacher preparation is a vital component of any educational system. Evidence from research shows that there is a 39% difference in the achievement levels of students who have most/least effective teachers. The federal government also recognizes the importance of the classroom teacher. The recent No Child Left Behind legislation emphasizes the role that teachers play in achievement. In order to meet the requirements of NCLB, states and universities will have to change the way that teachers are prepared. Carefully selecting and properly training teachers and then giving them the authority to teach students as they see fit will go a long way to resolving the low achievement of American students. On the flip side, giving low ability and poorly trained individuals the opportunity to teach has produced several decades of low student achievement. Many of these academically unmotivated teachers demonstrate little content knowledge or curiosity and have been among the most flagrant violators of scientific application of educational research. Witness the indiscriminate use of trivial tests (learning styles, right/left brain, multiple intelligences, etc) that pretend to classify students in scant minutes. Worse still is that the learning theory behind these fads may in fact be even more suspect than the test. The current generation of American teachers firmly believes that lecture is a universally poor method of instruction, standardized tests are fatally flawed and the group learning is much superior to individual learning, all without scientific justification. If America is to close the achievement gap with other industrialized nations it must be willing to set aside political correctness and educational faddism to place competent teachers in the classroom. There is constant pressure for education departments to find new pedagogy, criticize the old pedagogy and generally churn the academic waters so that their existence can be justified. Teacher preparation programs need to focus on only those aspects of educational research which have been proven to produce achievement gains and stop experimenting on prospective teachers and their dependent students. The primary reason I am pursuing a doctorial degree in mathematics education is to have the credentials needed to teach mathematics pedagogy courses to prospective teachers at a four year institution. I feel strongly that my experience as a teacher and the intellectual training I am now acquiring will let me make a positive contribution to the cause of producing competent teachers. The area of teacher preparation is being extensively researched and is currently a high profile issue in education.

Politics and Poverty Essay -- Essays on Politics

Politics and Poverty Today there is a split in American politics on how to combat poverty. Throughout history, how America combats poverty has changed depending on what party is running the government. There has been a number of different parties however, Republican, Democrat, The Bull Moose Party, and other various ones. However, these views can be put into two main categories: The Liberal ideology and the Conservative ideology. There are three areas, which have broad and differing views on how to combat poverty. Those three being, Welfare, Social Security, and Taxes. The following arguments present how those different perspectives affect the poverty issue in America today. Conservative Ideology Conservatives generally go with the perspective that less is more. Most would side with the argument that less government action is a better approach for society as a whole. Rather than promoting the idea of social equality, like the Liberal perspective, they promote social inequality. Most would like little government regulation and intervention of economy. Conservatives have the "big business" and "trickle down" theory, that even though the rich stay rich, their wealth will eventually reach the poor and poverty-stricken. Liberal Ideology Liberals usually have the perspective that the government should help the people much more than they do presently, with more programs such as welfare (etc.). Liberals generally agree that the government should intervene, regulate, and promote the economy and ensure fairness in society always. Government policies are indeed needed and necessary for citizens to fulfill their daily needs. Most also do agree with a "free-market" society, however, they stress the need for government policies. Welf... ...Radio Address on the Economy." Democratic National Committee. Raul Grijalva. 26 Oct. 2002. http://www.democrats.org/news/200210300002.html "Senate Republicans Back President's Welfare Reform Plan." United States Senate Republican Policy Committee. 18 June 2002. 8 Dec. 2002 <http://www.senate.gov/~rpc/releases/1999/wf061802.htm> "Highlights of the Libertarian Party's 'Ending the Welfare State' Proposal." Libertarian Party: The Party of Principle. 1994-2001. 8 Dec. 2002. <http://www.lp.org/issues/welfare.html> "Who Gets Welfare?" Feminist Majority Foundation. 1996. 8 Dec. 2002. <http://www.feminist.org/other/budget/welfare/welfare.htm> Rector, Robert. Implementing Welfare Reform and Restoring Marriage. "Liberal Views on the Issues." Liberal Politics: U.S. What you need to know about. 8 Dec. 2002. < http://usliberals.about.com/library/blisswelfare.htm>

Marketing Communications Memo Essay

This year this organization has elected to erect a monument to honor the fallen military heroes of Jacksonville, Florida. Some demographics of this large city are its’ multigenerational and diverse ethnic population, varied socioeconomic span, and of course, the large military representation, both active duty, retired, veterans, and their families. The location of Jacksonville in northeast Florida is a great stopover spot for tourists making their way to Orlando or Tampa and the snowbirds on their journey to southern Florida for the winter. The location of the monument should be centralized and near a major highway, possibly Interstate 95 between Interstate 10 and Interstate 295 South. Jacksonville, Florida is a military town and rich in its military history. According to United States Census Bureau QuickFacts (Jacksonville, 2008-2012) approximately 81,000 veterans live here. This number represents 10.5% of the total Jacksonville population. When including Orange Park and Jacksonville Beach to these numbers the veterans’ total number increases to nearly 85,000. This number is not reflective of the family members surrounding the veterans. The QuickFacts sheet goes on to state that the average household in Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beach, and Orange Park, is approximately 2.50 persons. The number of individuals living in the greater Jacksonville, Florida area directly related to the military member adds another 127,500 people for a total of 170,000 (QuickFacts Orange Park, QuickFacts Jacksonville Beach & QuickFacts Jacksonville, 2008-2012). We will want to choose a central location for the monument as Jacksonville, Florida has the greatest land mass in the continental United States with 885 square miles (Insider’s Guide to Jacksonville, Florida, 2014). By centralizing the location we can attract as many of Jacksonville’s residents to visit the monument. We must also take into consideration the ease of access to the monument for out of state visitors. If the location is too complicated to get to many people will not visit the site. The monument site will also have a visitor/gift shop with smaller images of the Fallen Heroes Monument for sale, along with military memorabilia of the two naval military installations, Naval Air Station Jacksonville and Naval Station Mayport, and Marine Corps Support Facility Blount Island Command along with military collectables. The various National Guards outfits along with the Coast Guard will be represented as well. The gift store will be maintain and staffed by Naval Air Station Jacksonville and proceeds will help with the upkeep of the monument. We will build the store as part of the monument site. The City of Jacksonville has donated the land in the name of the local fallen heroes. The project hopes to capture national attention with its innovative design and availability of military collectables. We want not just the Jacksonville, Florida residents to take pride in this monument but the State of Florida and our nation. Fundraising will be accomplished by reaching out to local military and veteran organizations. The Veterans of Foreign War, American Legion, Student Veterans of America, and American Veterans are all onboard to help with fundraising events like car washes, cook-outs, and large yard sales. We have also partnered with the local motorcycle clubs in Jacksonville, Florida who have scheduled several Saturday rides throughout the state. Historically the bikers clubs have donated large sums of money to events such as ours. The Jacksonville Sheriff’s Office and Jacksonville Fire Department are also collecting donations to help defray the total cost of the monument. Naval Station Mayport and Naval Air Station Jacksonville will have golf tournaments to support the building of the monument. Grants from the City of Jacksonville and from the State of Florida have been pledged.  There will be a website featuring the future monument and donations can be accepted there as well. Military personnel come from all ages, racial ethnicities, socioeconomic levels, and religious backgrounds; it is a fair assessment to predict that the visitors to the monument will be of the same diversity. The marketing direction will be of one from pride in our nations’ military men and women, the good work they do the world over, and the sacrifices they have given. The local community is fully committed to the project and is evident by the large number of private contributors. References: Insider’s Guide to Jacksonville, Florida. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.insideflorida.com/city/info/Jacksonville QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. (2008-2012). Florida. Retrieved from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12000.html QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. (2008-2012). Jacksonville, Florida. Retrieved from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1235000.html QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. (2008-2012). Jacksonville Beach, Florida. Retrieved from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1235050.html QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. (2008-2012). Orange Park, Florida. Retrieved from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/12/1252125.html

Great expectations Essay

Explain how a key scene from the play â€Å"Blood Brothers† by Willy Russell, might be staged and explain the role of the chosen character in this part of the play This essay is about Blood Brothers by Willy Russell, I will be going to describe the play which includes setting, appearance, characterisation, the role of the characters and stage directions. I hope to achieve an understanding about the Musical and the purpose of the story. Willy Russell is well known as the writer of plays and films such as Educating Rita, Shirley Valentine, Our Day Out, and the musical Blood Brothers. His work has attracted huge and appreciative audiences all over the world. Willy spent the whole of 1982 turning the small scale production of Blood Brothers into a full scale musical. The musical was first played at the Liverpool playhouse in 1983 and was a huge success. Set in a bleak Liverpool, the story centers on a single mother of many. Mrs. Johnston, who makes a decision that is to have far reaching consequences, when she finds out that the next child she is expecting, which will itself leave her on the verge of poverty, has a twin. Her decision will affect many lives, as she allows one twin to be raised by her childless employer Mrs. Lyons as her own Willy Russell uses a dark, dingy theme for Mickey’s estate, making life feel duller and boring for everyone. But, he contrasts it with a nicer theme for where Edward lives. I think this is to show the different lives the brothers lead and how close, lives could be the other way round for each of them. For Mickey’s soliloquy, I would have Mickey sat down on the step outside his battered front door. He will be annoyed with his head on his hands. I can imagine him with a toy car or a muddy stick messing about. He will read his soliloquy with a great boredom to his voice while Edward walks on to the stage. The backdrop will be a long row of houses with symmetrical doors, all battered and raw iron gates which are rusty. Also I can see Edward going up to Mickey and sitting in front of him, this is where he will introduce his first line. I picture both characters to look completely different in clothes wear. For instance I think Mickey would be wearing plain grey pants, a plain off coloured white t-shirt, and black shoes. Mickey needs to look plain and like he doesn’t wear expensive clothes. He needs to look filthy, especially since he has just came from the park. The audience should feel guilt as such because his mum can’t afford expensive clothes. On the other hand Edward needs to come across smart and well dressed. For instance he should wear black pants, a clean bright white shirt and a tie, although we don’t want Edward to come across snobby. I think the audience will sympathize and like both boys because they are bored, and are still very young. The role of the Brothers in the musical has a great sense of purpose for example the irony, e. g. they end up meeting and being friends, they call themselves â€Å"blood brothers† and they have a close â€Å"brotherly† relationship. Also to bring the play Humor although there is poverty and a baby being given away, to establish conflict and a plot. Also to make the audience curious about the story line. The character I am going to focus on is Mickey because he has a rougher background and more interesting story behind him. At the end of Mickey’s soliloquy the stage directions say, â€Å"Bored and Petulant, Mickey sits and shoots an imaginary Sammy. Edward, also aged â€Å"seven† appears. He is bright and forthcoming. † I would have Mickey looking bored, but I think he should be mocking Sammy with jealousy. The next set of stage directions are involving Edward with his sweets. Mickey asks for one and Edward allows him to take one. Mickey will be careful and suspicious because he has taken notice that Sammy is deceitful, and it’s rare you actually get given a sweet. Mickey will then examine the sweet before he actually puts it in his mouth. Towards the end of the scene, I will have directions of Mickey putting his arm around Edward, as they start to bond with each other. When Sammy enters the scene, Mickey will actually be a little scared of him although he is kind of an idol towards him. I will have Mickey trying to get the gun of Sammy, and when he fails he should join in the â€Å"fantasy shoot out† with Sammy. I think there are several most important lines in these scenes firstly, at the beginning when Mickey says, â€Å"Gis a Sweet, And Edward says â€Å"alright†. I think when Edward agrees to give Mickey a sweet this is the first sign of bonding between the two boys. I think this is the key line of the boys becoming such good friends later in the book. Also at the end of the scene when Mickey is standing up for Edward, when Sammy calls him. The whole book is about the irony that the brothers have bonded so well. I think the reasons for these are that they have become â€Å"best friends† when they first meet. The expressions used will make the audience understand the play more between the brothers. For instance, when Mickey reads his soliloquy, he will have a sound of jealousy to his voice; this is so the audience knows he is jealous of Sammy. There are parts in his soliloquy which should stand out with his voice; these are the last lines of each paragraph, â€Å"But I’m not I’m nearly eight†, â€Å"Even though I’m nearly eight†. These lines should be read with anger so we know he is annoyed that he is only seven. The last line of his soliloquy, â€Å"But I will by the time I’m eight†, should be read with delight so that he has not got long to wait now. The section where Mickey tells Edward â€Å"The â€Å"F† word† they should have there hand over there mouths, with laughter in there eyes because they find the word funny. On page 19, when Sammy enters, Mickey is going to look a little frightened, and when he gives Sammy the sweet he will role his eyes up as if he gets his own way. I don’t think there should be any props because; we want the audience to be fully focused on the brothers because it is a key scene in the story. Maybe Sammy can have a toy gun, Mickey can have a toy car, and Edward will have a bag of sweets. I will have dramatic, intense music as they declare themselves blood brothers and when they read the pledge because, this is the biggest, most ironic scene in the play. This scene in Blood Brothers is a very important part of the play. The boy’s first meet at the age of seven and bond extremely well, also they declare themselves â€Å"Blood Brothers† which is funny and ironic because they actually are, Blood Brothers. Also the two different characteristics they both possess play hugely. The scene shows that lives could have been completely differently for each other, for example, Mickey could have been called Edward, and the other way round. It also shows how society is, this links with the themes Willy Russell uses. Additionally this story line creates a massive comedy, with funny lines, being unaware of there factual relationship which they both have. Each boy represents society in contradictory ways; Mickey represents the working-class of society, while on the other hand Edward represents the upper-class. Towards the end of the scene it gets a little more serious, Mrs. Johnstone enters. Mickey tells his Mum that they are Brothers. Mrs. Johnstone is shocked until he mentions that they are â€Å"Blood Brother†. She can’t let anyone know what she has done because she has kind of sold her baby.

Where You Keep the Secret

secret. something that can not be known by everyone, except the people who create the secret. secrets can be for the good and in the same time it can have a negative effect that long in one's life. based on the articles, the secret can be done by anyone who wishes to not let certain people know. example of the often secret didembunyikadalam this article also clearly tell whether the examples of the most popular places for some individuals who want to conceal something and what is the impact on individuals keeping it secret. etween the place of choice to hide something is in the books, any part of the house, letters from old flames are one of the usual items That people hide and do not miss keep secret computer use, by storing all files in the folder suites locked. in addition, the effect if concealing something will have an impact on a relationship. this is because the secret kept will not keep long, because sooner or later be discovered. important for every hubngan for secrecy are n ot mutually each other. f there is any weakness in the pair, it should be shared. according to Frank Warren, he stated that there is an edge if the spouse is concealing something it could create saspen elements while giving hope and be romantic partners. I agree with the ideas presented in the article. this is because each argument written about secrets definition, what is secret and concealed the impact if a relationship. in life is a lot to be withheld from a person unknown. it turns out to be good to ourselves or to someone who may be confidential or otherwise. es, I also strongly agree that sometimes the secret to be the cause of why a relationship falling apart. secret will lead to goodness if we know what our true intentions concealing something. I actually keep things in novels. for example money or old pictures. for my options proposed by the author shows that it is very creative. my suggestion, not all secrets can be kept at a place other than keep it in the heart. it's saf er than dismantled by certain parties.

Wireless Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wireless Communication - Essay Example Since for full mesh network topology every node must has a circuit connecting it to every other node in a network hence it is a very expensive to implement. Ring Topology In ring topology all devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it. Advantages and Disadvantages Ring topologies are relatively expensive and difficult to install, but they offer high bandwidth and can span over large distances. Ethernet A most widely implemented local-area network (LAN) architecture developed by Xerox Corporation in cooperation with DEC and Intel in 1976 is termed as Ethernet. It uses a bus or star topology (as shown in fig. 1) and supports data transfer rates of 10 Mbps. A newer version of Ethernet called 100Base-T supports data transfer rates of 100 Mbps while the latest version, Gigabit Ethernet has data transfer rates of 1 gigabit (1,000 megabits) per second. The Ethernet specification served as the basis for the IEEE 802.3 standard, which specifies the physical and lower software layers. Ethernet uses the Carrier Sense with Multiple Accesses with Collision Detect (CSMA/CD) access method to handle simultaneous demands.

Education Vision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education Vision - Essay Example As a scientific approach to school education, reformers always suggest that new techniques be implemented for the comprehensive development of their studenthood so as to enable them to focus more on their personal abilities to react to real-time situational demands than retain the enormous amount of knowledge they claim from books and classroom lectures. In my belief, education and learning are two different concepts; while the former requires structural administration of external factors to the intellect of an individual, the latter refers to a set of models of behavior and thoughts one processes and retains for reference of future actions from the experience of circumstances and exercise of strategic thinking based on timely requirements. I would like my school to focus more on the practice of intellectual requirements than the exploration of theories. The model for my school should be totally practice based and the one that gives every student opportunity to find his insider out. A schooling method for this purpose requires the co-ordination of the thoughts of parents and teachers. Conservative teaching techniques has been outdated since the introduction of computer-based learning; therefore, schools must implement systems for empirical learning based on individual attention whereby each student gets the benefit of opportunities to excel his field of enthusiasm. A number of characteristics like empathy, respect for the students, flexibility, self-care, patience, sense of humor, collegiality, and high energy level are expected to be met by the teachers to be successful in forming a part of the urban curriculum design. These qualities of the teachers can be utilized only if the student behavior is favorable to the conditions of the urban school. Parents are expected to identify the inherent abilities of their children and guide them the real way of their eventual success. They must be largely communicative and friendly with them.

Working conditions in Brooks Brothers Coursework

Working conditions in Brooks Brothers - Coursework Example Individual associates put our employees under a lot of pressure to make the required sales volumes during the period of economic recessions. An employee must make approximately 85% of all the net sales thus living no time for personal development. One has to work for a long number of hours with minimum overtime compensation. This is turning to be a problem because seem not to care about all the well being of the employees.  There is also no room for employees to develop professionally. Once employed in a creation sector of the business, either making the clothes or marketing or sales, a person is likely to stagnate in one position for a long time. Upper management does not offer the employees the required support. It is the dream of any employee in any work station to climb up the ladder in the job market. However, this seems not to be an issue in this organization. The amount of time given for breaks is very little. All we do is work and work the more. The healthcare provided is a lso limited. The employees are so busy such work is available even during holidays and all this work is done while one is standing up. Thus, it is very tiresome and the pay is just okay  Moreover, the management sometimes does not show up on time to open the retail stores. But when one is unable to make the required sales, then it proves to be a problem with the top management. Sometimes that required promotion from within is also very slow. One can be made to do something impromptu something that had not even been planned for.