Family Essay

Every time we have a family gathering in our house, informal debates are always part of the â€Å"program†. My family and I are delighted to involve talking about current issues especially that concerns the humanity’s welfare morals. It will start from simple talks and later become a big debate amongst our family members. It sounds funny but that is how we have our family gatherings. In fact, discussing current issues make our spirits alert and alive but if there is none, our gathering will become boring and seems incomplete. I personally really like exchanging ideas and point of views from others. Through them, I can learn many insights and know their position regarding the issue, whether they are pro or not. This kind of characteristic really runs in my veins. I am a kind of person that will truly stand for what I believe is right. I will never concede to a perverse beliefs and ideas. Even though I have this kind of attitude that like to debate even on simple issues, I do still have my friends that stick with. There are times that we argue on nonsense things that sometimes lead us to a â€Å"fight†. I can still remember one incident that I and one of my closest friends had a fight over on one issue and that is upholding the good morals. I know we have different views when it comes to that matter. She is quite liberated but I am a reserved and quite conservative type of person. So if we talked over on morality, our ideas always clash and it is not new to me at all. Yes, we are friends but I do not do what she does and she does not do what I do because of our opposite views when it comes to morality. The argument started when she confessed to me that she and her boyfriend had indulged into premarital sex several times. My initial reaction was shocked. I was not able to talk for a moment because of her confession to me. I was shocked with her confession not because the idea itself is new to me but because I was not expecting them do it. I trusted her boyfriend very much that he will not do anything wrong to my friend because I expect him as a person who wants my friend to be preserved even we are in this perilous times where our morals are already deteriorating. I am not against on the idea of having sex because it is a gift of God to be enjoyed by individuals specifically for the married people but doing it outside marriage is a very big â€Å"no, no† to me. And I don’t even say that I want her to be like me because I do believe on individualism. All I want to see is, she will learn how to respect her own self and not allowing anyone, not even her â€Å"beloved† boyfriend, abused her body and take advantage on her. In this modern world, several people either young or old, of legal age or not are into it. It becomes a trend of our society. If you don’t experience it, people will regard you as â€Å"loser† and coward but if you do, you will gain their appreciation and approval. See? This is how our world being corrupted of worldly pleasures. And I don’t believe that if everybody is doing it, it is already right. We have to uphold our morals as people and not letting the things of this world influence and corrupt our good character. That is one of my convictions as a person. Furthermore, she continued to relay to me the things they did in full details and silence came up in the atmosphere. I just allowed her pour out her heart on me. After a few minutes, I asked her why she sticks for that idea and permitted it to happen. But she only answered, â€Å"Why not? Everybody is doing it. And besides, we love each other very much. I was very annoyed and disgusted with her answer but I tried to hold back my temper and trying to make a â€Å"good† discussion with her regarding the matter. So, I continued asking her. â€Å"Do you think that is the only way you can express your love to your boyfriend? † I asked. Then, answered back â€Å"what do you mean? We do this because we love each other. Don’t you understand! And don’t you ever dare to dictate my life on what should I do. You are not my parents! † she exclaimed. Those words struck me a lot. I am just discussing this matter to her because I love her as my dear friend and I want the best for her. I am hoping that, through our discussion, she can be able to realize the possible things that might happen to her in the future if she and her boyfriend will continually indulge on it. So I told her that even though everybody is doing it, it doesn’t mean that it is already right. My point was, even though everything is permissible but not everything is beneficial. Everything is permissible but not everything is constructive. What seems right to our eyes may lead us into destruction. I told her that she is just destroying her life. Her dignity as a woman was lost. I am trying her to understand my point that I would just want her to preserve her virginity until she will get married because that would be the only best gift she can give to her husband aside from her precious love. But she chose not to understand my point because she was â€Å"extremely† in love with that guy. I can understand her feelings but I can’t tolerate her actions. What she only thinks is the present happiness and not looking for the possible consequences in the future. I told her that every action she will be doing has its consequence. It might be right or wrong. Then, I asked again. â€Å"What if you get pregnant? Is he willing to accept the responsibilities and marry you? † She was silent for awhile and thinking for an answer. â€Å"Well†¦My boyfriend loves me so much and I am pretty sure that he will! † she replied and I can see her trying to convinced herself as she said those words to me. â€Å"Oh, well†¦ if that’s the case, I can’t force you to listen to my advices. I respect your opinion and decision because that is your life. But, always remember that I am not intruding your personal life. I am just worried what might be the consequences of your action and if you are really ready to face that consequence. † I responded. So, that argument is closed and I am thinking that it will never be an issue again to both of us. As time passes by, she continued to share to me what she and her boyfriend were doing and it was all about their sex escapades. I do listen to her even I do not like what I am hearing. I am trying my very best to understand her and remind her that it is not yet late to change. But she will just tell me that there is nothing wrong with her. In fact, she is very proud to experience it. One day, she phoned me and asked if we can dine out. We went to our favorite restaurant. When I saw her, she looked restless and haggard. I smiled at her and asked, â€Å"What is wrong? How are you and your boyfriend? † She just smiled bitterly to me. â€Å"Why? † I asked again. â€Å"I am pregnant and I do not know what to do with this baby. † I just looked at her and never said anything for a second. â€Å"I will abort this baby! † She started to cry. â€Å"No! † I said. â€Å"Did your boyfriend learn about this? † What did he say? † As I asked those questions, tears kept falling on her eyes. â€Å"Tell me†¦ What did he say about the baby? † I repeated. â€Å"He wanted me to abort the baby? He doesn’t want to marry me because we are still young and he has no job yet. I told her to keep the baby and never mind her boyfriend. Anyway, she can take care and provide the needs of her baby if she wants to. But she told me straight on my face that she will abort the baby. Due to her confusions, abortion came up into her mind as an ultimate answer for her recent problem. I told her that she already committed sin once, the sin of committing premarital sex, and now she should not sin again by aborting her own child. It is not right. It is morally not right. You are killing an innocent child, a child that has no strength to defend and fight for himself. This time, I persistently argued with her not to abort her baby. I told her that the guilt will always haunt her for the rest of her life. She might escape the shame for having a baby without a husband but she will not surely escape the guilt that will forever haunt her conscience. She was very stubborn because she told me that she needs to abort the baby because she cannot handle the responsibilities and the shame. I told her that all those scorns from other people will just pass and never be remembered again as the time will pass but the life of her baby cannot be withdraw from death once it is aborted.

Communication and Professional Relationships Withchildren, Young People and Adults Essay

A key element of the role of any member of support staff in a school or other education environment, is communication, both with children and adults. Whilst it is important for children to learn cognitive skills, it is equally important that they also learn skills that will allow them to function effectively in society. A significant proportion of the latter can be attributed to effective communication, how individuals cooperate with others, and the relationships built both on a social and professional level. Support staff have a responsibility to act as role models for students, and it is therefore imperative that a clear understanding of effective communication and professional relationships is held. This study pack outlines the principles, skills and regulations that cover this topic. Principles Effective communication is the fundamental principle in building positive relationships (relationships which benefit children and young people, and their ability to participate in and benefit from the setting). In general, both children and adults are much more likely to co-operate and share information, if they feel you communicate openly and clearly. This is not limited to what you say but also appearance, body language, facial gestures and mood. In particular it must be remembered that you are acting as a role model, and the way you communicate is likely to be reciprocated in the same way. There are seven principles involved in building relationships: 1.  Effective communication – covers both formal and informal verbal, written communication, in addition to body language, facial gestures, physical contact and appearance, and the way these impact our interactions with others. 2. Respect – courtesy and respect should be demonstrated in any interaction with an individual (be it child or adult). Although you may differ in opinion, it is important to actively listen to others, and respect their view(s). The same consideration should be applied to individuals from different cultures, and their values/traditions upheld. For example in Germany professional interactions are much more formal and people are rarely referred to on first name terms, even if they are acquainted. 3. Consideration – be sensitive to others situation/position particularly when behaviour or reaction is out of character. There may well be an underlying cause you are not currently privy to . 4. Remembering Personal Issues – if you are aware of any concerns or upcoming life events, it may be worth enquiring about these, as it shows that you are interested, and is likely to benefit any relationship . You may be worries that an individual may not want to discuss any further, they can let you know if this is the case but it is probably still better to ask, than seem aloof or standoffish. 5. Listening – communication is a two way process. Therefore it is vital that you take time to actively listen to others, in order that they feel their opinions are considered. Active listening means that you hear another opinion but also demonstrate interest by responding appropriately (both verbally and with body language gestures). Listening is fundamental if others are to feel able to confide in you or ask for help/advice. 6. Clarity on Key Points – when giving information or instructions you must be clear, so that others can understand what you have said, or asked of them. Do not assume you have been clear, especially with children who may say they understand even if they don’t. Always ask them to repeat back to you what they have need to do, whilst reassuring them that you are not testing them but checking that your instructions were clear. 7. Sense of Humour – Particularly in times of stress or pressure, try to see the funny side of a situation. Not only will it benefit you ( temporarily reducing stress) but also releases tension from any situation. Although these principles can be applied to building any relationship, there will of course be differences or adaptations in the way we communicate dependant on the context of an interaction. It is inconceivable to think that the way we informally converse or behave in the company of friends would be acceptable in a workplace meeting. More formal language and behaviour would be expected in the latter, if one was not to be considered rude. The same would be true of any interaction with a parent in a professional capacity. As mentioned previously it is not just what is said or written but also gestures, body language and dress, which should be appropriate to a situation. Advice should be sought when dealing with individuals from different cultures, with particular attention to acceptable behaviour, gestures relevant to that culture, to avoid misinterpretation. What may seem perfectly acceptable to you, could be interpreted as extremely impolite to another culture. In summary you should consider who you are interacting with as well as the (likely) expectation of language and behaviour. In doing so you are less liable to avoid causing offence, misunderstanding or bad feeling; which all have a detrimental effect on any relationship that may have been fostered. Skills May of the skills involved in effective communication do not need to be learnt as we demonstrate them subconsciously. It is however valuable to understand what these skills are and evaluate our own strengths, weaknesses and areas for development. Give Opportunities to Speak – as with all beneficial communication but particularly in the case of children, it is important to allow and give opportunities for every pupil to speak and contribute. Every child is different, some maybe confident and particularly vocal whilst others may seem reticent. An inclusive environment should be created where every child has the opportunity to express themselves. Don’t be tempted to speak whenever there is a pause in conversation, as some children need time to process their thoughts and garner confidence to share them. Actively Listen – show you are listening by giving a child your undivided attention and maintaining eye contact. By doing this you are inadvertently saying your voice matters to me, which will only serve to boost self esteem, confidence and aid positive relationship building. Positive Body Language and Facial Expressions – body language and facial expression are another way to demonstrate you are listening. Nodding, smiling, talking/listening at a child’s level, all indicate you are interested in what they have to say, and can also make you seem more approachable. Folded arms, neutral facial expressions and talking down to a child can make you appear intimidating. React and Comment – Respond to the information a child gives you, this may involve repeating what they have said, to clarify your understanding. Adding your own responses will also add to the conversation and help extend it. Be Interested, Respond and Question – Demonstrate that you are interested in what a child has to say. One way to achieve this is by responding and the appropriate points and asking questions, which may further the conversation. It is also important that the child is given opportunity to ask questions and respond in the same way, so that they learn that communication is a two way process and you are equally interested in what they have to say. As adults it is easy to dominate dialogue, without intentionally meaning to do so, by not giving a child time to contribute, question or give their ideas, opinions or feelings. Children should be encouraged to question information and add their own ideas, therefore the school environment should promote this. Adaptation The skills discussed are however just a starting point and as with the guiding principles, adaptations will need to be applied dependant on the child’s age and context. Age Younger children will tend to be less independent so will rely more heavily on reassurance and positive reinforcement in your communications with them. Additionally younger children are often much more tactile and will seek physical contact as a source of reassurance and to build confidence. Younger children are generally more open and will seek adult help in times of distress, anxiety but also to share achievements. Consequently communication is much easier, as they will share information openly with you. As children mature, they become more self conscious and aware of peer pressure, often reluctant to share information and are therefore likely to require much more coaxing and encouragement to discuss issues and verbalise their feelings. Context Within the school environment you are likely to function in various capacities within your job role, learning support mentor, pastoral role, supervisory role (playground duty), teacher/peer support and confidante. Your style of communication will need to be adapted according to the situation. In a more formal setting, such as the classroom it will be necessary to provide clear, concise communication regarding tasks whilst simultaneously foreseeing and dealing with any disruptions, to ensure pupils stay focused on task. Conversely when acting in a pastoral role, active listening will play a greater part. Your language maybe less formal to engage the child and make them feel comfortable to share their troubles and feelings. The child may seek personal information from you in this instance; have you ever felt this way, has this happened to you? Whilst it ay be tempting to answer these questions openly and honestly, to give the child confidence to do the same, you should remember that a professional relationship must be maintained at all times. Show your understanding without giving too much personal information, it is important for the child to view you in a professional capacity not as a friend. Communication Differences Each child is an individual and therefore will have t heir own communication style and differences. If a child has SEN, these will be documented and it will be much easier to make adaptations according to their provision map or statement. However this will not always be the case and you will need to recognise and respond to any communication differences, a child may have. For example some children may lack self confidence, and ample opportunity must be provided for them to contribute. Don’t be tempted to talk for them or guess what they are trying to get across. This will only serve to compound their anxieties. You may feel it beneficial to work 1:1 building to small groups and further as a whole class to build their confidence slowly. Ask for help from your speech and language coordinator if you work with a child with a speech disorder, they will be placed to advise on strategies for working with a particular type of communication issue. As adults, our nurture instincts often lead us to step to help a child when they experience communication issues, which is not actually beneficial to the child. Allow them time to speak, support them (use of visual aids, sign language, providing an environment where they feel comfortable and confident), show sensitivity but do not try and be their voice. Communication needs The skills of communication apply equally to adults, young people and children and whilst there are many similarities and significant overlap in the way we communicate with these groups (active listening, body language, facial expressions, showing interest etc), there are also important distinctions that must be made. Children With children communication must be succinct, clear and concise, too much information can lead to confusion. They should be able to feedback to you in their own words, their understanding of your expectations from them. An inability to so demonstrates that you need to reconsider your choice of vocabulary appropriate to the child. Avoid using expressions or sayings that children may find vexing and interpret literally, particularly if English is not their first language. One such example would be referring to something as ‘the bee’s knees’, there is nothing in this expression which suggests something is good, so this only serves to confuse a child. Within the school environment, as a member of support staff you are functioning in a professional capacity, your choice of language should reflect this. A certain degree of formality must be maintained to ensure the carer- child relationship boundaries are clear. This especially applies to physical contact, which should not be promoted or offered. In a setting with younger children who seek this type of reassurance, this may be more difficult and you should not shun a child who tries to hold your hand or embrace you. They may interpret this as a rebuke and assume they have upset you. Conversely you should not be initiating this form of contact. Adults Communication difficulties are not exclusive to children. Adults may also experience issues, and it is important you apply the same sensitivity and adaptations, as you would with a child. Again some difficulties may be more obvious than others, hearing impairment, non-English speaking or English as an additional language (EAL), if you are meeting face to face, allowing you to adapt more easily. You should however consider the various forms of communication your school utilises and consider potential communication difficulties, adults may have that you are not aware of. Adult literacy is an issue , particularly in disadvantaged areas. Sending letters home in this instance would not be an effective method of communication. This could be something you should be sensitive and consider particularly if you feel an parent is taciturn. Simply speaking to the parent at the end of school outlining the content of the letter and politely asking for a reply may foster a relationship that allows the adult to work with you for the benefit of the child. Autism is another area that affects communication for both adults and children. Be mindful that you should adapt your communication style but what is suitable for a child maybe patronising and send out the rong impression to an adult. Equally do not assume any every person with autism will have the same, if any, communication difficulties and that you should consider the person as an individual rather than a minority group. Managing Conflict Typically most conflict arises due to a breakdown or lack of communication. Identifying and addressing conflict early is the key to resoluti on. However successful resolution requires sensitivity careful management of the situation. Open dialogue between affected individuals is the starting point of conflict resolution. Everyone should be able to discuss what happened (their interpretations of events) openly and freely ( show RESPECT). They should also be encouraged to describe their actions (take RESPONSIBILTY). Often misinterpretation of another intentions or verbal misconception are the cause of conflict. Equally others may be unaware of the impact of their own actions or communication style on others, particularly if there are cultural differences. Be mindful of external pressures or issues to which you or others may not be privy. External pressures, for example family breakdown, will have a significant effect on individuals, their way of expressing this may be uncharacteristic in terms of behaviour. In this instance it would be beneficial to talk to the child or adult individually and offer support, prior to involving others. Finally develop a plan moving to move forward (REPAIR the situation), which is satisfactory to all concerned. This approach forms the basis of restorative justice, practised in many schools and has been shown to proactively to build relationships, promote discipline and prevent harm and conflict occurring.

Was Bismarck’s Foreign Policy 1871-90 a Success

The Aim of this essay is to study Bismarck's Foreign Policy from 1871-90 and come to a conclusion about whether it was a success. Otto Von Bismarck born on April 1, 1815 at Schonhausen and considered the founder of the German Empire. From 1862 to 1873 Bismarck was prime minister of Prussia and from 1871 to 1890 he was Germany's first Chancellor. Once Germany was unified, Bismarck noticed that Germany was under threat of attack from other countries surrounding it. Bismarck primarily wanted to avoid any challenges against the new European order and to unite the new German state, which faced domestic opposition and great suspicion from the rest of Europe Bismarck wanted to do this, rather than seek further territory or fight more wars, which would put Germany’s unified country under a lot of pressure. Furthermore, France wanted revenge and therefore, Bismarck knew she had to be isolated. Part of Bismarck's foreign policy in which he was successful in achieving was the weakening and isolation of France. The former objective was attained by the peace settlement imposed on France by the Treaty of Frankfurt, which included a large war indemnity. The five main powers in Europe were Great Britain, Russia, France, Austria- Hungary and Germany. Bismarck knew that to isolate France, he would have to form an alliance with at least two of them. Firstly, Bismarck knew that Britain would not present Bismarck with any problems as it was more concerned with its own empire than with the rest of Europe. Also, Britain was more pro-German than pro-French and therefore wouldn’t protest at the isolation. Therefore in fear of a future two-fronted war, Bismarck managed to bring Germany, Austria Hungary and Russia together to form the Dreikaiserbund also known as the league of 3 emperors, in 1872/3. The aim of this alliance was to maintain existing borders in Europe Fight and fight both socialism & republicanism, effectively slowly isolating France. This Alliance was going well between countries and serving its purpose until there was a war scare in 1875. Bismarck had previous convictions about France’s financial situation and he thought it would be an extremely long amount of time before France could pay back the war's indemnity. However, France managed to recover quickly and German troops were forced to leave France, scaring Bismarck and fueling Rumors of a war between Germany and France. Austria-Hungary and Britain greatly disapproved of a war between these 2 countries. This put immense amount of pressure on Bismarck and he was forced to drop his ideas about isolating France until he knew that France would no longer have reasons to attack Germany. Another reason that the Dreikaiserbund was not a success was the Russo – Turkish War in which Russia was victorious in. this caused a treaty in Bulgaria to be enlarged. This did not please Britain and Austria Hungary and soon Russia, Germany, Austria Hungary and Britain were locked in diplomatic arguments. The â€Å"Congress of Berlin† left Russia very disappointed especially at Bismarck’s role (Bulgaria was divided into three small states), Russia withdrew from the Dreikaiserbund. This resulted in the fall of the Dreikaiserbund, because of the impossibility to renew it with Russia not involved and therefore showing that the Dreikaiserbund was a failure which weakened Germany's control over their foreign policies. In 1879, the Dual Alliance between Austria and Germany was formed. This was definitely a success for Bismarck. Austria and Germany agreed that if either one of them was attacked by Russia, the other will provide military support. They also decided that if either was attacked by any other European country, then the other would be neutral throughout any conflicts that resulted. Although the treaty itself was made public, the terms were kept secret. This treaty was renewed every five years until 1914. This alliance was such a success for Bismarck, chiefly because he managed to maintain a permanent ally in case of any war that Germany would be involved in. Soon after the Dual Alliance in 1881, Bismarck understood that he needed to rekindle relations with Russia and therefore created a renewal of the Dreikaiserbund. Bismarck hoped that this agreement would help to reduce tensions between Austria and Russia in the Balkans. It was agreed that the Western Balkans would be dominated by the Austrians and the Eastern half by the Russians. This was a success at the beginning because, again, Bismarck managed to keep on the right side of every country with all the alliances and this one benefitted every county involved. However, events in the Balkans were to disrupt Bismarck’s aims. Between 1885 and 1887 the Bulgarian crisis saw relations between Austria and Russia deteriorate. Moreover, worryingly there was a lot of pro French feeling in Russia. In 1887 the Dreikaiserbund ended as Russia made it clear she would sign no further agreement with Austria. However, in 1882, Bismarck created the triple alliance. This was an alliance of peace and friendship and was an extension of the Austro-German Dual Alliance to include Italy. Under the provisions of this treaty, Germany and Austria-Hungary promised to assist Italy if she were attacked by France, and vice versa: Italy was bound to lend aid to Germany or Austria-Hungary if France declared war against either. Moreover, if one of the countries should find themselves at war the others would provide assistance. However, this alliance did not have the same security and the Dreikaiserbund seeing as Italy is only considered â€Å"half† a European power. Moreover, Italy specified in the treaty that it could not be called upon to go into war with Britain. These were successes in the short term as Bismarck achieved his goals of allying with two other great powers and also kept them happy. Soon after, a re-insurance treaty was introduced due to the Austro-Russian rivalry over Bulgaria leading to the collapse of the Second Three Emperors' League. The reinsurance treaty meant that Russia and Germany would be neutral unless Russia attacked Austria Hungary or Germany attacked France. By creating this treaty, Bismarck had been able to prevent his nightmare – a two front war, from being realized. However, peace did not mean security, and so neither the re-insurance treaty nor the triple alliance can be considered as a long-term success. Throughout the years there was extreme Austro-Russian rivalry over Bulgaria According to the terms of the Second Three Emperors' League, Bulgaria was recognized as a Russian sphere of influence The Bulgarians were experiencing an awakening of national self consciousness and did not want to be dominated by the Russians. In 1885, in defiance of the Treaty of Berlin, the Bulgarians united Bulgaria with Eastern Rumelia. Russia objected to the emergence of a large anti-Russian state but Austria and Britain gave their recognition to the union of Bulgaria with Eastern Rumelia. Russia hated the Austrians for breaking the terms of the Second Three Emperors League and allowed the League to lapse in 1887. A large indication on how successful Bismarck's wereimportnatf ecn dncgreat reat foreign policies were would be the fact that once Bismarck resigned, Germany's foreign relations immediately began to fall apart. Bismarck successfully guarded Germany. In 1890, Bismarck wanted to renew the Re-Insurance Treaty; Russia was also keen on doing so. The Kaiser was against renewing the Re-Insurance Treaty because he believed he could rely on his own personal relations (he had a close relationship with the tsar, owing to them being cousins). Bismarck offered his resignation, due to his frustration and the Kaiser accepted it, but prevented him from publishing his reasons for dismissal. In 1891 there was an informal agreement between the Russians the French and French ministers visited Russia and in 1893 they formed a complete military alliance, an extremely dangerous move against Germany, and one which they would regret. In conclusion, I believe that to a certain extent Bismarck’s Foreign policy from 1871-90 was a success. For example, The Dual alliance between Austria and Germany In 1879, this alliance was such a success for Bismarck, chiefly because he managed to maintain a permanent ally in case of any war that Germany would be involved in. It seemed that Bismarck’s goal in achieving the weakening of France and isolating it was well achieved in his time. Even when it seems that his plans are failing, he finds a way around that; for example the re-insurance treaty. However, to a certain extent Bismarck’s Foreign policy from 1871-90 was not a success shown in the collapse of both Dreikaiserbund. Moreover many could argue that if one was to look at things in the long term, Bismarck was in fact not successful at all in his foreign policies.

Supply Chain Management Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Supply Chain Management Apple - Essay Example This success could be due to the increasing amount of supply chain managers reporting to the CEO of a company rather than to the manufacturing department, a trend across businesses (Allen, 2010). It has been suggested that the supply chain for Apple involves ten steps in four different countries, which are Singapore, Taiwan, the US and China. Taiwan provides most of the manufacturing components for an iPhone (Apple’s biggest seller []), with six different elements being produced here – the digital camera modules, international circuitry, industrial connectors, silicon Bluetooth chipset, technology printed circuit boards and stainless metal casings (Lyons, 2010). This encourages us to believe that the supply chain manager believes that Taiwan is the cheapest and most efficient supplier of many of the components for the iPhone and other Apple products. It also means that there is a bottleneck for the supply chain, in that if there were to be any economic issues or disaste rs in Taiwan, then the supply chain for the iPhone would be severely disrupted and there would be problems in the supply of these products. Essentially, the supply chain manager at Apple feels that the benefits from producing many components in Taiwan (cost and efficiency) outweigh these dangers. China is the location in which all these components come together to be assembled, suggesting that the country has a very cheap labour rate compared with the US, and the shipping costs from this country are low enough for the cost of labour in this country for this to be the most efficient method. All of this information suggests that Apple uses a vertical integration system for their Supply Chain Management (Lyons, 2010). A vertical integration system is one where most of the hardware components of a product are bought from a variety of different manufacturers which are all owned and controlled by the central company – in this case Apple. This helps to avoid any hold-up from trying to integrate many different companies, and it also stops the different pieces of hardware being used by other companies, ensuring that the end product is something completely unique – again, something very important to Apple. The use of a manufacturer owned by the central company also ensures that the data chip, or processor, or other product, can be manufactured exactly according to company specifications, ensuring a greater specificity. This can be a response to the make-buy decision. The make-buy decision The make-buy decision is essentially a choice between outsourcing and manufacturing (Probert, 1997). It has been suggested that the decision is easy, and that a company should outsource any components that are not critical to the product’s success, do not require any specialised design or manufacturing elements, and are not core to the company’s future plans and central products (Burt & Burf, 2009). There are many other ways of making the decision, one of wh ich is known as the contribution-per-constraint module (CPCM) that relies on knowing and analysing the constraints of the component (Gardiner & Blackstone, 2007). In this case, the Supply Chain Management team at Apple have decided that it is best to make many of the components (or

Development and business potential of automobile industry Essay

Development and business potential of automobile industry - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the Chinese automobile industry is one of the most diversified yet compact industries of the world. In comparison to the global automobile region, China has developed high standards of performance for its automobile segment. Since 2008, China has topped the charts for being the highest producer of automobile units and has crossed the European Union, USA, and Japan with their efficient automobile management processes. The production process of the Chinese automobile segment is mainly performed by establishing relationships between the local and foreign firms. Global automotive brands such as Volkswagen, Toyota, General Motors, etc have established their manufacturing units in China for increasing their output. However, the primary market for the local automobile companies of China such as Great Wall, Beijing Automotive Group, Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation, Geely, etc still remains the Chinese market. The history of Chinese au tomobile segment started before the Second World War. The first Chinese produced vehicle was a truck which was developed and used for military purposes. According to Oliver, Holweg, and Luo, most of the public transport and luxury vehicles used in China prior to the Second World War were imported from abroad or made within the country by manufacturing units of Multinational Companies. Jones noted that most of MNCs entered China for leveraging the benefit of low labor cost in comparison to the high-end labors of Europe or Japan.

Fieldwork observaion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fieldwork observaion - Essay Example I was there on the 19th of September 2012, as from 1.00 to 1.20 pm. It was quite hot with temperatures of approximately 150 C to 230C. There was no reaction from the people I came across, eight in total, five males and three females. Two of the males were wearing long pants and T-shirts while the other three were in shorts and T-shirts. All the three females were wearing pants and T-shirts of various complexities. The lack of reaction is attributed to the fact that these people were not interested in what those around them thought or said about their behavior. From observation, all those people were overwhelmed by the beauty of their behavior’s implications. It was surprising to note that all these people cared about their cigarette. It is what makes their world; it is what gives them comfort and relaxation, presumably enabling them to forget the reality. I never thought of it this while in the same group. I had been blinded by the thought of pleasure then, and the thought of having no worry or responsibility over anything or anyone, let alone myself. The results of this field experience profoundly support our four-part definition of culture. Culture, being a set of learned and shared attitudes, beliefs, values, customs and meanings, is encompassed in providing a distinction in the existence of the persons concerned in the field study. In terms of how culture is learned, it is evident that every person in this location learned how to smoke through someone else, or through an experience or an exploration. With time, people have continued loving what they like, and smoking has become part of their lifestyle. With regard to how culture is shared, members of the same group often share similar beliefs and values. As such, these people find fulfillment in being with their kind, with those whom they share this behavior. Having a shared notion about smoking eliminates a considerable difference among them, and they can more easily intermingle with each other. The similarity in behavioral patterns reflects a deeper level of sharing culture since smoking has become a norm for these people. This is essentially with regards to homogeneity of these people’s interests (Davis 200). It is also evident that culture is reliant upon language and symbols. From the study’s observation, the people have a unique way of communication, for instance when one would like to light up his or her cigar with another’s. This codal communication enables understanding at a higher level and also creates a feeling of belonging among these people. Cultural integration refers to how a certain culture borrows some attributes from another, and so it becomes seemingly integrated in the other culture. Smoking has been borrowed from cultures of other people and has been integrated in this environment. It has become integrated due to its consistency. From my knowledge, the behavior at this place has been continuous and takes place at the area over a long t ime. So, smoking has become a custom for this particular premise. In terms of being patterned, the custom has thrived in the area, with many young adults wanting to experience the zeal. In the current society however, smoking should not be patterned due to the many avenues advocating against it. Smoking has however become an adaptive custom in this area and is not likely to diminish significantly. In conclusion, Santa

Drug abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Drug abuse - Essay Example Drugs do come in various forms such as pills, powder or in crystals. Individuals who abuse these drugs do it in several ways and it does depend on the nature of the drug. A victim can consume the drug by swallowing if in pill form, snorted if it is in the form of powder as well as injection buy use of a needle or a syringe. Furthermore, those drugs that are in crystal form can be smoked or in haled by the victims. Using of drugs such as stimulants do aid in boosting an individuals moods, alertness, self esteem as well as energy with increased heart beats. However, I will not recommend its use since as they increased an individual’s rate of heart beats it leads to the blood pressure being elevated, which may cause long term sickness on increased blood pressure. As a result of the negative effects in our bodies in spite of the short term positive effect, considering the long term as the way then it is absurd to the victim. Such problems do lead to early deaths and the society is bound to loose most of it productive individuals. On the other hand stimulants are used to suppress appetite for a short period for individuals who are obese. Drugs such as Amphetamines is a stimulant that are mostly prescribed by doctors but if abused they affect the brain. The body and the brain can be affected by Dexedrine and Ritalin. These drugs have a chemical structure which is similar to the neurotransmitters referred to as monoamines including nor epinephrine and dopamine. Stimulants do increase chemical amounts in the brain as a result of this pressure of blood is increased as well as the rate at which the heart is beating. There is constricts blood vessels, the level of glucose in blood is increased as the path of the respiratory system is opened.... As a result of this, there is constricts blood vessels, the level of glucose in blood is increased as the path of the respiratory system is opened. In addition, it causes increase in dopamine which is related to the sense of euphoria that can be used with Nicotine which are stimulants as well that may lead to the storage of neurotransmitter dopamine in the victims brain. As a result of the dopamine concentration creates a stimulating feeling of euphoria that the victim experiences (Gitlin, 197-199). It is dangerous to use the stimulant sometimes. In spite of their use not leading to dependency which is physical and facing withdrawal risks. They are very addictive leading to the victim to use the stimulant compulsively. As a result of use which is continuous cause the individual not only affecting their bodies with the drug but also they never think of development since the little they earn is spend on drugs leading to a vicious circle in the society. Furthermore, when high doses are taken by an individual over a short time can lead to one feeling hostile. In addition, when high doses are taken body an individual it leads to high temperature for a body which is dangerous as well as heart beats which are irregular. It also leads to cardiovascular failure or what is referred to as lethal seizures. Most stimulants are very addictive such as cocaine, amphetamines as well as methamphetamine. It is tough for an individual to even try to use the stimulants after trying them because the victim will not be able to predict the extent of at which they will be under the influence. Depressants are drugs that are also abuse by human being across the globe. The central nervous system is usually affected by the depressant

Press Release Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Press Release - Essay Example Simultaneously a warrant was served on Weinman’s mother’s house. The police searched the mother’s house, plus a shed in the backyard according to The Miami Herald. No reports are available on what, if anything, the cops seized. Weinman hired attorney David Macey, who spoke with WSVN-Channel 7 according to The Miami Herald. David Macey proclaimed his client’s innocence. Macey will be ready for the arraignment tentatively set on Monday. Weinman’s bail was set at $154,500, which has not yet been met. Weinman’s downfall occurred when he signed up for a Facebook group called â€Å"Catch the Cat Killer† reports The Miami Herald. More than 1,000 members had joined this group in hopes of catching the cat killer. A news conference was held this morning. Three police agencies worked this case. One Miami-Dade Police Major was Julie Miller. Apparently Miller tracked Weinman on tips from the local communities’ posts on Facebook, YouTube, and MySpace. What led to the arrest is the community talking and bringing us information, Miller said The Miami Herald states. No motive was suggested for the horrible attacks. Weinman’s parents are divorced living in the area. Apparently the teen felt comfortable in the area where the cats were found mutilated, since his mother and father lived in the areas. A report had been mentioned at a community meeting about a teen living between two homes in the two communities where the attacks occurred. Weinman’s parents have not released any comments. Weinman has had several run in with the laws before reports The Miami Herald. Apparently Weinman had been arrested twice as a juvenile on unknown charges. As recently as May 29, Weinman was arrested for possession of marijuana. Profilers advised the police to look for a loner, Jeffery Dahmer type. So the whole community was surprised by Weinman’s arrest. Weinman was a Swim Gym Aquatic Summer Camp counselor, a class

Data Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Data Analysis - Essay Example Every order contains one or more products; therefore, the association between the Purchase order class and Line product class is one or more. However, every product in Purchase order refers to only one product in Product. Therefore, the association between the Line product class and Product class is one to one. There will only one payment detail for every purchase order; therefore, the association between the Purchase order class and Payment detail class will be one to one. Figure 2 shows the relational model (Entity relationship diagram) for National Treasure Online Shop. Additional attributes as password, and email are included in Customer entity assuming that customer will register on website when he/she will make purchase first time so that for the next time the customer will only need to login for making any purchase with the website. PK and FK show the Primary key and foreign key in entity. Figure 3 shows the output of Query 1 that displays the list of product categories for National Treasure Online Shop. When Query 1 is executed, it displays the list of product categories that is Cards, Calendars, Books, and Diaries. This is the first thing that customer visiting on the website is presented on the website home page. Figure 4 shows the output of Query 2 that displays the list of product with product categories for National Treasure Online Shop. This query will be useful for displaying the product list based on product categories. Figure 5 shows the list of the customer visited the National Treasure Online Shop. Query 5 will display the list of the entire customer who had purchased any products or registered to the website as a customer. This query will be useful for selecting customer for any promotional offers or contests. Figure 7 shows the lists of product for any particular order that customer have made with National Treasure Online Shop. Query 5 will display the

To what extent did Britain experience a 'cultural revolution' in the Essay

To what extent did Britain experience a 'cultural revolution' in the 1960s - Essay Example The Acts of parliament led to divorce, homosexuality and abortion thus declining the social standards. For instance, National Health Service Act of 1967 allowed for the local authorities to provide free contraceptive pills to women thus leading to secular Britain. The sixties is considered a period when the old framework of morality, authority and discipline in the society disintegrated and led to disrespect of law and order, decline in family values and tuneful music (Moore-Gilbert 1992). The Cultural Revolution was characterized by youthful culture, idealism. Protests, triumph of Afro-American models, changes in sexual behaviours such as gay liberation, and the emergence of new music. It is evident that Swinging Sixties changed British moral standards from Christian based virtues to more secular virtues due to legalisation of homosexuality and abortion (Sandbrook 2007). The technological development in music production technologies led to new music genres such as hard rock and new dressing styles that included unkempt long hair, afro hairstyle and sideburns. Premarital sex and commercialisation of pornography and nudity in television advertisements later led to emergency of sexually transmitted diseases, abortions and high divorce rates (Ferris 1993). The Cultural Revolution was evident in new dressing styles. Some fashion trends include new hairstyles like the beatle boots and mop-top haircut. The hippie movement also introduced bell-bottom jeans, paisley prints and batik fabrics that were common with the youth. In addition, mini-skirts were introduced and bikini family featured in the beach party film in 1963 (Marr 2008). Men also introduced new hairstyles that included crew cut, flattop hairstyle and longer parted hairstyles with sideburns. African women preferred the afro while other mainstream hairstyles included chignon hairstyle, twiggy and beehive hairdos (Marwick 1998). In my opinion, it is evident that the Cultural Revolution led to new fashion desi gns and fashion consciousness among British youth. The youthful population wanted casual wear that displayed their identity of being cool and trendy thus replicating with anti-social behaviours like drug abuse (Marr 2008). The Cultural Revolution is evident in the music industry. In the 1950s, Britain relied entirely on American music but Beatles ventured in American market in 1960s thus making Britain a centre of fashion and music. Many youths admired Beatlemania as pop music erupted with energy thus leading to cultural shifts. The Rolling stones band utilized sexy drawl and feminine pout that drew huge crowds to music concerts. Another striking aspect of the music was unkempt style and wild wear clothing. New music stars such as Cilla Black, Adam Faith and Cliff Richard emerged during the Cultural Revolution. The Zombies, the Animals and Dusty Springfield mainly used protest music that combined new fashion trends and youthful culture thus appealing to the US audience (Moore-Gilber t 1992). In addition, psychedelic music was common in order to enhance the experiences of hallucinogenic drugs while the traditional progressive folk bands shifted to rock and pop music (Sandbrook 2007). Heavy metal music started to gain audience in later 1960s and become popular in the next decade. Carnaby Street in London was

The Nature of Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Nature of Communication - Assignment Example However, that is not it, the interest factor plays a major role in the players’ desire to play and show up for practices. Moreover, I strongly believe that by playing and meeting up regularly, the team members become better friends. Sometimes when I have had a bad day I can vent out all my frustration during the game on the soccer field and after months of practice sessions together my fellow players understand that I need some space. I also feel that the sheer love for the game and having people around who share the interest and understand the game adds a lot more value to the activity group. If I think of our soccer team in the light of a system, I can safely say that it definitely exhibits the qualities of a system. The striker cannot strike a goal till the midfielder or wingers pass the ball to him, similarly the midfielders cannot do much if they are not adequately supported by the fullbacks and the forwards. The crux of the matter is that the members in a soccer team are highly interdependent on each other.

Culture and Beliefs Essay Example for Free

Culture and Beliefs Essay Different cultures and beliefs can have an effect on implementing anti-discriminatory practice. One example of this preventing anti-discriminatory practice is though in a culture saying please and thank you to things, where in another culture this may not be normal and so if someone doesnt say thank you or please to something this may be seen as rude, and could make the person treat the other person differently. Another way culture and beliefs can affect implementing anti-discriminatory practice is that people may understand a persons situation, or not understanding why someone behaves in that way and then the professionals own views or stereotypes will take control over the way the person treats the individual and then this wont promote anti-discriminatory practice. This may differ depending on where the health care setting is for example if it is in more of a multi-cultural area, beliefs and views may be different. Not understanding the importance If care providers don’t understand the importance of promoting anti-discriminatory practice, they are more likely to not work in an anti discriminatory practice. Care providers should be aware of the active promotion of anti discriminatory practice in order for the service users of health and social care to get the best of the services. If care providers fail to work in an anti discriminatory practice, service users will be not treated fairly and their choices wouldn’t be respected or taken into account, so therefore it is very important for health and social care professionals to work in an anti discriminatory practice. If the care settings fail to promote an anti discriminatory practice, service users will be marginalised and disempowered and this can lead to stress and depression and can trigger challenging behaviour. The way in which anti-discriminatory ractice is promoted may be different in different health and social care setting such as a school will focus more on children where as an residential care home may focus more on elderly or disability. Following the ‘norm’ Both care providers and service users are used to doing what is the ‘norm’ for them. This can cause problems when promoting anti-discriminatory practice because if for example a care provider is used to carrying out certain behaviour then they may ignore new anti-discriminatory practice that has been introduced because it is something they are not used to doing. This can cause loads of problems because it means service users may be neglected and discriminated against because new practice is not being followed. This could also sometimes be down to the age of the care provider. If someone has been working in a care setting for a long time they may be used to caring in a certain way which means that they will not adapt appropriately to new practice where as someone who is new will be fully aware of the new procedures in place so may be more likely to follow them.

A War On Women And Drugs Criminology Essay

A War On Women And Drugs Criminology Essay In 1986 Congress passed mandatory minimum sentencing. Federal mandatory drug sentences take the decision away from the judge and gives sentences based on: 1. The type of drug; 2. The weight or alleged weight of the drug mixture and 3. The number of prior convictions. The rise of women in prison seems to be correlated with US drug laws and policies. Many researchers argue that the war on drugs has directly become a war on women. In 1999, the Bureau of Justice Statistics documented that 1 in 3 women were likely serving time for a drug offense in comparison to 1 in 8 women in 1986. Three reasons often determine the involvement of women in the criminal justice system, the first would be a history of abuse, the second issue is disrupted family and personal relationships and finally the third is drug abuse. Women that end up in prison have usually been abused and/or battered, are economically disadvantaged, have abused drugs, and/or are minorities. Due to the circumstances just mentioned a nd stricter policies and laws regarding drugs the outcome is a drastic rise in the incarceration of women. If women are seen as victims of circumstance then they are basically adapting to the conditions of their lives and struggling to survive. The status of women in prison reflects their status in society; they are marginalized by racism and sexism. Women in prison have been damaged by the oppression of patriarchy, economic marginalization and the far-reaching effects of such short sighted and detrimental policies as the war on drugs and the over reliance on incarceration, (Owen, 2000). Female Offenders Women have become the new offender in the criminal justice system. Through the years the amount of women incarcerated has greatly risen. In 2000, there were more than 1 million women in the United States in prison, probation or parole, whereas in 1990 there were 600,000 in the same situation. The rise in the incarceration of women can be greatly attributed to US policies and laws on drugs and drug related crimes. Women are usually minimally involved in drug crimes but are severely punished due to the mandatory minimum laws in place. The war on drugs does not have laws laid out specifically for men and women, the laws are universal and apply equally to both men and women. Drug laws were originally designed for the male criminal and did not take into account the special circumstances in womens lives. These women that are being punished under the mandatory minimum drug laws are the wives, mothers, daughters, sisters, nieces, granddaughters and girlfriends of many law abiding citizens in society. These women become involved in drug crimes because of their dependence to their significant other, whether it is financially, because of fear or other extenuating circumstance. Women who become victims of mandatory minimum laws are incarcerated and subject to patriarchal sentences because the men in their lives coerced, obliged or scammed them into carrying drugs. Women in jails and prisons are often oppressed and even victimized. There are many race and gender inequalities in the criminal justice system when it comes to addressing women and their needs. Women offenders are more likely to be incarcerated now than they were at any other time in the history of the United States. The legal system has become more willing to prosecute and incarcerate women than at any other time in the history of the United States. Mandatory minimum sentencing policies for drug related offenses have increased the number of women incarcerated. According to the Sentencing Project, between 1986 and 1991 the population in state prisons for drug offenses increased by 828 percent for African-American woman, 328 percent for Latinas, and 241 percent for white women (Mauer Huling, 1995). Guilt by Association Drug laws now in place punish not only the individuals who sell the drugs, but also people who assist the drug dealer as well as people who merely know the drug dealer. Women are apprehended at higher rates in reference to the war on drugs. In many circumstances women are arrested and sentenced merely for remaining with a significant other who is involved in the drug trade industry. Women are more vulnerable than men for prosecution based on their associations rather than on their behavior. Women who are involved in the drug trade are often nominally involved and often only participate in the drug trade in order to be able to financially support their own drug habit. Some women are bullied into the drug trade because of abuse or due to financial instability. These mandatory minimum sentences are perhaps a good example of the law of unintended consequences. There is a respectable body of opinion which believes that these mandatory minimums impose unduly harsh punishment for firs-time offenders particularly for mules who played only a minor role in a drug distribution scheme. Be that as it may, the mandatory minimums have also led to an inordinate increase in the federal prison population and will require huge expenditures to build new prison spaceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, U.S. Supreme Court Mandatory minimum sentences remove the discretion of the judge, therefore not allowing a judge to take into account mitigating circumstances that could reduce the harshness of the sentence. Mandatory minimum sentences require that low level offenders receive the required sentence required by statutes. Women can rarely assist in providing prosecutors with information that could assist in lessening their punishment because they are often mules, transporters and low level offenders and do no have access to valuable information needed by the prosecution. Also, many times women choose not to provide what little information they do have because of the safety of their family and children. Due to the mandatory minimum laws and the amount of information that women are able to provide they are often subject to harsher punishments than their male counterparts, who are often kingpins. Women who are sent to jail are often the primary caregivers for their children and other family members. Children depend on their mothers and when they become incarcerated the children are left improperly attended or in unstable temporary arrangements. Due to a mothers preoccupation with her children, women often wish to speed up their case by entering a plea of guilt in order to receive a lesser charge and stay out of prison or reduce her sentence. Mandatory Minimum Laws and Their Effect on Women Prisons are filled with violence therefore entrapping women in a world of cruelty and abuse that does not succeed in addressing the needs of women, such as their psychological, medical or economic needs. The dynamics that were just referenced are what originally contribute to a womans involvement in the criminal justice system; these dynamics are what originally created womens involvement with drugs. When a woman enters prison she is often times abused and revictimized therefore further damaging a woman. In prison women are often physically or sexually abused. When a woman is in prison she is unable to receive proper medical treatment. Research has noted that women in prison are subjected to physical, sexual, verbal and emotional abuse by guards and other inmates. Amnesty Internationals 1999 report, Not Part of My Sentence Violations of the Human Rights of Women in Custody, indicates that males staff, under the guise of correctional supervision, frequently watch women as they shower, use the bathroom, and dress and undress in their cells. Women are often sexually extorted while in prison for basic everyday necessities such as toothbrushes, soap, etc. A woman who is abused in prison suffers many consequences especially if she was abused in the past or suffers from any mental illness including but not limited to depression, bipolar disorder or if she is recovering from a drug addiction. Just like any woman who is abused, a woman who is abused in prison is left with severe imbedded psychological scars. Often women who are abused in prison are more severely scared than other women, some of the psychological scars that women who are abused in prison are left with are Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, Rape Trauma Syndrome, prevalent fears, nightmares and flashbacks, these scars can lead to hatred towards self, anxiety, depression, suicide and substance abuse. Women who are sexually assaulted while in prison are subject to sexually transmitted diseases and/or pregnancy which they might not get medical treatment or prenatal care for. Both male and female prisons provide poor healthcare for its inmates. Women have higher rates of medical issues than men. Women in prison receive poor medical treatment and do not receive needed medications for medical conditions such as heart conditions, depression, other mental health diseases, asthma and other medical conditions. Women often have to receive permission from guards to seek medical attention. Prisons do not have a full medical staff thus contributing to the lack of medical treatment available to women. Women who enter the prison system on drug charges are often diagnosed with depression as well as drug addiction. Some of these women are also diagnosed with bipolar, schizophrenia and other mental health conditions which are not properly treated in prison. Prisons are not equipped to properly care for womens mental health conditions and do not have the funds to provide needed counseling services. Women that are prescribed psychotropic drugs are often not given the medications correctly and instead they are given the medications as sedatives. Incarcerated women that are separated from their children suffer a great deal of trauma, these women often become depressed. Women whose mental health conditions are exacerbated due to incarceration and have a past history of drug abuse may turn to drug use while in prison in order to ease the emotional pain. Children Affected Many of the women in todays prison system have minor children. From 1991 through 1999, 98 percent of children in the United States had a mother who was imprisoned, (Bureau of Justice Statistics). It is estimated that most women in prison have two children and prior to incarceration the children resided with their mother. When women are sent to prison, children are often placed with other family members or in foster care. In terms of the War on Drugs, children are removed from the mother due to incarceration or because of a mothers addiction. If a woman is sent to a residential treatment program rather than to prison she is still separated from her children. Some residential drug treatment programs do not allow children to visit and some have age restrictions. Although each child will react uniquely to extended separation from his or her mother, researchers report that when a mother and child are separated due to incarceration, the child often grieves as if the mother has died, experi encing a grief that is unique to children with incarcerated parents, (Bloom Steinhardt, 1993). Children with an incarcerated mother tend to suffer from fear, anxiety, grief and sadness and later in life these symptoms can lead to withdrawal as well as verbal or physical aggression. Many of the children whose mothers are in prison are sent to foster homes where they have an increased likelihood of being physically, sexually and emotionally abused. When a mother is incarcerated her day to day interactions with her children are altered and significantly changed. Correctional facilities do not aid women in having relationships with their children and often due to the distance of the prison it is often times impossible for children to visit their mothers. Visiting a parent in prison is very difficult for children and visiting a mother in prison can be emotionally detrimental to children. Telephone calls from mothers to children while in prison can be very costly thus reducing the likelihood that a child will be able to speak to the parent via telephone. Few prisons offer family reunification programs for children. Incarcerated mothers and their children are not provided with counseling, parenting classes, skills training, overnight programs for mothers and children and other essential services, therefore hindering the relationship between a mother and her children. Establishing these programs in prisons would give women the opportunity to fulfill their roles as mothers and learn how to properly care for and raise their children. As more women are incarcerated due to Drug Laws the fate of children lies in the hands of the welfare system. The child welfare system is not equipped to deal with the rising number of children left without a mother due to the increasing amount of women incarcerated because of mandatory minimum laws. Mothers convicted of drug crimes are dually punished, they are punished by the judicial system and they are also punished by the welfare system who removes their children from their care and custody. The Outcome of the War on Drugs Minimum mandatory drug laws are destroying the lives of women. These laws are destroying families and childrens lives. Harsh punishment does not address the issues causing women to use drugs, to become addicted to drugs, to sell drugs, or to remain in abusive relationships with drug dealers. Many of the women arrested for drug charges are black women or poor women. Many of the drug related crimes that women are arrested for could be dealt with outside of the judicial system. The judicial system does not address the reasons why a woman becomes involved with drugs or why she risks her family in doing such. Drug dependant women should be treated rather than incarcerated. Incarcerating a woman who is dependant on drugs increases her chances of relapsing thus at the same time increasing the likelihood for mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety. Women that become involved in the drug trade industry because of coercion or abuse are punished for not turning in their partner, the individual who is physically or emotionally abusing them. The judicial system does not address the needs of children who lose their mothers to prison nor does it assist women in building a relationship with their children. A womans incarceration can lead to permanent loss of her children and can prevent her from getting any government assistance upon her release. Instead of incarcerating women because of the mandatory minimum drug laws, we should provide them with the necessary tools they need to assist them. Within a womans community there are many resources that can aid her in leaving an abusive relationship. A community also has resources to assist women in with drug dependency issues. Women need to be empowered to become successful and productive members of society. These women rather than being punished need to be provided with opportunities to better their lives and with the proper tools to be better parents. Conclusion As a society rather than investing money in prisons, we need to invest money in community resources that will assist women with drug treatment and resolving the underlying reasons that led them to drug dependence. Women involved in drug crimes because of abusive relationships need to be provided with the appropriate resources to assist them in leaving that relationship and achieving financial independence as well as emotional stability. Women need to be provided with the skills and training necessary to live productive lives in society. Rather than dealing with women in the criminal justice system as a nation we need to provide alternative resources. We have an obligation to save these women for themselves and their children. The underlying causes for womens involvement in drug crimes need to be addressed. Women need to be provided with services for drug addiction, health issues, mental health issues and abuse. Rather than placing women in prisons that were designed for men for committing a crime that they were forced into through coercion or abuse, we should place them in treatment programs designed to meet with their unique needs. Treatment programs designed for women should incorporate mothers and their children allowing for mothers to receive necessary counseling and parenting classes while actively caring for their children. Mandatory minimum laws need to be reevaluated. Women need to be punished for their part in the drug crime, not for the overall crime that they did not play part in. A woman should not be punished because of association; a woman should be punished and held accountable for her actions. A judge should be allowed to ultimately decide a womans punishment and her involvement in the drug offense being charged. Women that must be incarcerated because of their role in a drug crime should be granted the opportunity to visit with their children. Children should not be punished; they are not the ones who committed the offense. To elaborate, a woman with repeated drug charges should not be allowed reunification with her children because after the first or second charge it should be noted that this woman does not wish to learn from her original mistake. Women who are punished under mandatory minimum laws unfairly should be granted ample opportunity for reunification with their children. There is no reason to why women need to be punished for drug crimes that they did not willingly participate in. Mandatory minimum laws were designed for kingpins and drug traffickers but obviously it is not serving its purpose. The people being affected most by these mandatory minimum laws are the people with the least involvement in the crime. Mandatory minimum laws need to be reevaluated and applied accordingly. The ultimate decision on punishment should be taken away from the prosecution and should lie solely in the hands of the judge.

Christian Witness: Eleanor Roosevelt :: essays research papers

After her husband's election to the New York state Senate in 1910, she performed the social role expected of the wife of a public official. President Wilson appointed Franklin Assistant Secretary of the Navy during World War I (1914-18). This was the same position that Theodore Roosevelt had held and did his best to promote war with Spain. The family moved to Washington. Eleanor for her part pitched into war work with the Red Cross. The end of World Wat I coincided with a grave personal crisis, the discovery of her husband's love for another woman. Eleanor and Franklin Roosevelt were eventually reconciled, but the relationship was never the same. When they returned to New York in 1921 she determined to build a life of her own. She became active in the League of Women Voters, the Women's Trade Union League, and the women's division of the Democratic Party. Her personal emancipation was completed after Roosevelt was stricken with polio in 1921. Eleanor Roosevelt was determined to keep alive her husband's interest in public affairs. Sher was encouraged and tutored by Louis Howe, Roosevelt's close adviser, whom she had nortvapproved of. With his help she became her husband's political stand-in and an effective spokesperson. Eleanor by 1928, when Roosevelt actively returned to the political arena as a candidate for governor of New York, she had become a public figure in her own right. In 1926 she helped found a furniture factory in Hyde Park to aid the unemployed. In 1927 she became part owner of the Todhunter School in New York City, serving as vice principal and teaching history and government. First Lady Eeanor certainly must be classified as our greatest First Lady. When her husband became president in 1933, she feared the move to the White House would make her a prisoner in a gilded cage. But as First Lady she broke many precedents. She initiated weekly press conferences with women reporters, lectured throughout the country, and had her own radio program. Her widely read syndicated newspaper column, My Day, was published daily for many years. Traveling widely, she served as her disabled husband's eyes and ears. Her travels were lengendary and with out president for a First Lady. The cartoonists loved tommake fun, but in a more gentle way than is common in our modern era. One cartoon was completely black except for a miners helmet light with the caption of "It must be Mrs.

America Must Move Forward into the Electronic Age of Voting :: Politics Political Science

America Must Move Forward into the Electronic Age of Voting The levels of excitement grew throughout election night all across the nation. The respective parties gathered in various convention rooms all over the United States. The tension in the air could be felt as one entered the rooms hosted by any candidate’s party. As the evening progressed, one could tell this would be a close election. November 7 is a day many people in America take for granted. I have heard many times people muttering, ‘my vote is not going to even make the difference so why should I vote?’ Many Americans don’t feel their vote is important enough to even get off their butts to go and vote. However, as a political science major it is imperative to me to exercise my right to vote. Not only have people died fighting for rights such as this, but it also gives me the opportunity and the right to voice an opinion after the election. If you don’t vote what gives you the right to complain? Nothing. Since we are a democracy we should not take the right to vote lightly and a great majority of Americans do. For some reason, this election proved to be different. The voting percentages were higher than most election years. According to the www.msnbc.com the majority of votes come from retired people and military voters. College students throughout the past years have decreased percentage-wise in voter turnout. In 1996 the number of college students who cast their ballots had decreased 23% since 1992. Student Advantage Magazine (SAM) lists various issues for the decline in college voter turnout. The top two reasons SAM lists, as reasons for the dwindling numbers are apathy and laziness. However www.msnbc.com has stated with more students becoming politically active, the numbers should increase in future elections. For example, voting numbers increased a small percentage for this election. Why are people voting now? Is it because we have good candidates running? Is it because American’s finally feel the pressure to get off their lazy butts and make it to the polls? Does it have anything to do with absentee ballots being used at the highest rate in our nations history? Americans tend to think in the manner, â€Å"I will vote for this person if he wants what I want.† At least they have substance on their reasons for voting for someone.

Aspects and Impacts of Generational Diversity Essay -- Law Enforcement

Aspects and Impacts of Generational Diversity This paper examines several aspects of generational diversity and its impact on law enforcement organizations. As the law enforcement profession prepares to move into the future it must also make ready for a changing of the guard, which will soon take place. The Traditionals and Boomers have been joined by two younger and vastly different generations of employees who bring new perspectives to law enforcement. This paper briefly discusses a few of the characteristics most commonly associated with each generation and how generational diversity will: Æ’Â ¶ CREATE CHANGE IN LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATIONS. Æ’Â ¶ AFFECT RECRUITING ACTIVITIES. Æ’Â ¶ AFFECT HOW TRAINING IS VIEWED BY MANAGEMENT AND PERSONNEL. Æ’Â ¶ REQUIRE NEW SKILLS AND MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES TO MOTIVATE A DIVERSE WORK FORCE. Æ’Â ¶ RESULT IN CHANGING THE DYNAMICS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT MANAGEMENT AND CULTURE. Managing generational diversity will be a challenge that will have a tremendous impact on the future of law enforcement. Organizations will adapt out of necessity, to meet the challenge of successfully integrating four generations. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Generational diversity is an emerging issue for law enforcement. Today ¡Ã‚ ¦s workforce is different from any other in history now that four generations are working side-by-side. Law enforcement managers will have to learn to recognize the changing dynamics of personnel and develop strategic new approaches to old problems. Traditionals were simply grateful for jobs and focused on stability, they were not inclined to question authority. Boomers inherited the need for stability and wanted a better life; many focused so much energy on work that it became their identity. Generation X was the first group to question authority, they want to be involved in the decision making process and are unwilling to wait until retirement for their rewards. Generation Y also wants to be more involved in decisions, have more flexibility, and like Generation X see work as the means to support their lives, not as a basis for self-image as the Boomers did. Creative new recruitment and motivational techniques become critical as the number of applicants drop and the need for qualified personnel increases. Younger members of Generation X and Generation Y are becoming more and more val... ...or Smaller Police Departments. Goodrich, J. (2004, Summer). Making the Most of Generational Differences [Electronic version]. The Criminal Justice Institute ¡Ã‚ ¦s Management Quarterly. Hatfield, S.L. (2002, Jul/Aug). Understanding the Four Generations to Enhance Workplace Management [Electronic version]. AFP Exchange. 22, 72-74 Homer. (800 B.C.  ¡V 700 B.C.) The Iliad. Epic Greek poem. Lancaster, L. & Stillman, D. (2002) When generations collide. New York: Harper Business Leo, J. (2003, November 3). The good-news generation [Electronic version]. U.S. News & World Report. 135 (15) p60, 1p, 1c Segal. (2002, February). Providing public sector services in a time of change: The total rewards perspective. [Electronic version]. Public Sector Letter. 2-4. Southard, G. & Lewis, J. (2004, April). Building a Workplace That Recognizes Generational Diversity. Public Management (PM) Magazine. 86 (3) Retrieved October 14, 2004 from http://www2.icma.org/pm/8603/southard.htm Tulgan, B (2002). Managing the generation mix, four generations in conflict [excerpt video overview]. RainmakerThinking, Inc. Retrieved October 22, 2004 from http://www .rainmakerthinking.com/mixtrng.htm

Tuskegee Experiment

Study clinicians â€Å" For the most part, doctors and civil servants simply did their jobs. Some merely followed orders, others worked for the glory of science. † — Dr John Heller, Director of the Public Health Service's Division of Venereal Diseases[8] Some of the Tuskegee Study Group clinicians. Dr. Reginald D. James (third to right), a black physician involved with public health work in Macon County, was not directly involved in the study. Nurse Rivers is on the left. Dr. Taliaferro Clark Dr.Oliver WengerThe venereal disease section of the U. S. Public Health Service (PHS) formed a study group at its national headquarters. Dr. Taliaferro Clark was credited with its origin. His initial goal was to follow untreated syphilis in a group of black men for 6 to 9 months, and then follow up with a treatment phase. When he understood the intention of other study members to use deceptive practices, Dr. Clark disagreed with the plan to conduct an extended study. [clarification needed] He retired the year after the study began.Representing the PHS, Clark had solicited the participation of the Tuskegee Institute (a historically black college (HBCU) that was well-known in Alabama) and of the Arkansas regional PHS office. Dr. Eugene Dibble, an African American doctor, was head of the John Andrew Hospital at the Tuskegee Institute. Dr. Oliver C. Wenger, a caucasian, was director of the regional PHS Venereal Disease Clinic in Hot Springs, Arkansas. He and his staff took a lead in developing study procedures.Wenger and his staff played a critical role in developing early study protocols. Wenger continued to advise and assist the Tuskegee Study when it turned into a long-term, no-treatment observational study. [9] Dr. Raymond H. Vonderlehr was appointed on-site director of the research program and developed the policies that shaped the long-term follow-up section of the project. For example, he decided to gain the â€Å"consent† of the subjects for spinal taps (to look for signs of neurosyphilis) by depicting the diagnostic test as a â€Å"special free treatment†.Vonderlehr retired as head of the venereal disease section in 1943, shortly after penicillin had first been shown to be a cure for syphilis. Nurse Eunice Rivers, an African-American trained at Tuskegee Institute who worked at its affiliated John Andrew Hospital, was recruited at the start of the study. Dr. Vonderlehr was a strong advocate for her participation, as she was the direct link to the community. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the Tuskegee Study began by offering lower class African Americans, who often could not afford health care, the chance to join â€Å"Miss Rivers' Lodge†.Patients were to receive free physical examinations at Tuskegee University, free rides to and from the clinic, hot meals on examination days, and free treatment for minor ailments. As the study became long term, Nurse Rivers became the chief person with continuity. Un like the changing state of national, regional and on-site PHS administrators, doctors, and researchers, Rivers stayed at Tuskegee University. She was the only study staff person to work with participants for the full 40 years.By the 1950s, Nurse Rivers had become pivotal to the study—her personal knowledge of the subjects enabled maintenance of long-term follow up. In the study's later years, Dr. John R. Heller led the national division. By the late 1940s, doctors, hospitals and public health centers throughout the country routinely treated diagnosed syphilis with penicillin. In the period following World War II, the revelation of the Holocaust and related Nazi medical abuses brought about changes in international law.Western allies formulated the Nuremberg Code to protect the rights of research subjects. No one appeared to have reevaluated the protocols of the Tuskegee Study according to the new standards. In 1972 the Tuskegee Study was brought to public and national attenti on by a whistleblower, who gave information to the Washington Star and the New York Times. Heller of PHS still defended the ethics of the study, stating: â€Å"The men's status did not warrant ethical debate. They were subjects, not patients; clinical material, not sick people. â€Å"[10]

Formula One Constructors -Strategic Management

In this paper i decease analyse and evaluate dealtivenes of ordinance wholeness Motorsport assiduity and its dynamic characterictisc influenced by foreign and internal itemors to critic al wholenessy go with and explore strategical arrangement thoery of c equal rail simple machinery on competetive advantege and its signifi stopt impressiveness in enunciate of carrier succes of whatsoever look angiotensin-converting enzyme constructors .I give try to clerly identify immaterial and internal materializations and changes , affecting (facing ) forbiddengrowth of go forable competetive avail indoors formula ane Teams , by presenting and demonstrating appropierate strategic management frame recreates and approches . F1 assiduity its unrivaled of the nigh competetive and dynamic favorite motorsport and specialist employment worth E 350 b nemesiseningion to E400 billion(A. T Kearney Zygband et, 2011) , inwardly which many police squads , executionivelly co mpete with distri notwithstandingively other in useing and constructing bolids prototypes to extend to succes and survival and competetive advantege agaisnt other rivals .There is significat capitulums spoil F1 constructors since decades , regarding to how most effeectively and efficientyly make competetive advantege for thier squads to scale and rate ahead of other competitors in pains and how to acquire extendable competetive advantege for dominance in f onlys game of hardens . This essay will be devided on quartet part in which first part will break off brief over opine about convening angiotensin-converting enzyme Industry, then i will pose theories related to sustiable comepetetive advantege with reflection to chance uponment of the supremacy in the economy adept motorsport .In the succeeding(prenominal) part of this paper i will critic anyy eveluate generic influence and strategic capabilities base on re offset establish depend and intimacy grou nd view of the startegy which requires unalterable reference to the re computer addresss and knowledge of competitors to hit competitve advantege . In this section i will tenseness on the Williams s squad during thier dominance and expert reveloution in middledle of 1990, where likewise i will bear my own point of view of wherefore they didnet keep thier dominance and what they could do expose at this time to find thier sucess futher .This is industry is untroubledly competetive and is perceived as rattling dynamic and very rocky to plump for at the leading(a) position for numbers of epoch which is proved by the fact that since the start of of the b entirely Championship (1950) precisely two F1 constructors come along the Chapionship consecuitevely to a grander extent than four times MClargonn(1988-1291) and Ferrari (1999-2004). In the end i will write my opinion of which squad up has piddled the trump out source of the competetive advantege and similarl y at big last i will draw coating base on my analysys and my findings poseed without analysing of this consequence .Formula one Motorsport became one of the most touristed and technologicaly advance(a) motorsport and sport TV sheath around the world which enjoyed the third highest auditory modality in the world staright after Olimopics and World cup soocer . Unfortunately being fromula One constructor requires to generate sponsor r tied(p) upues through with(predicate) increasignly sophiticated marketing strategies and also urgency to inclination , develop manufacture and operate subject wheel signle seat drawcar.This is extremly expensive and requires Brobdingnagian amount of funds from sponsors and stakholders which argon essentila to create competetive reinforcement a pissts tombstone m bekt competitors by implemeting fresh revolutionary applied science innovation into their bolids much(prenominal)a as the most powerful and reilable engines with advanced d esign of the chasis with all aerodymanims . in 2008 the top 3 squads were Ferrari , Mcl arn and Williams cvbvd ciag dalszy ,. t is not only an season motorsport event its a strong and competetive exclusive industry within which F1 constructors are line of descent presidencys competing with severally other for the survival and the victor in the every single F1 season . its seen to to be very simply abounding to achieve continue competetive advantege and succeed in in this indystry while having the best car ,the best device driver , the best keep team and all supported by finanse from sposnsors.Unfortunaterly it does not so simple as not many F1 constructor up to date were not able to manage and cogitate all available all stretegic capabilieties base on resources and competence to fix effectively to besother to achieve sustained competetive advantege in long term . such(prenominal) as 3 or 4 year or more . To twenty-four hourss strongly competetive and dynamic busi ness environmnet requires from all organsiation and companies to desire usings of their susiable competetive advantege which enables then to stay attractive and innovative for the market and survive in competiton with their competitors . jibe to Alderson (1965) satisfyings should gain for unique characteristics in companionship to deal themselves from competitors in the eyes of the consumer for a long period of time that is, sustainable hawkish advantage. Sustainable belligerent advantage is the major power to offer superior customer cling to on an enduring or concordant basis, a situation in which competitors are unable to easily imitate the souse? capacity for assess creation (Collis and Montgomery, 1995). harmonise to Barney (1991), sustainable private-enterprise(a) advantage arises when the firm? s resources are valuable and the resources attend to the firm create valuable harvest-times and services, they are rare and competitors can not get acces to them, inimi table competitors cannot easily replicate them and get when the firm owns them and can exploit them . .36 KCA ledger OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT VOL. , ISSUE 1 (2009). The competetive advantege of an organisation such as Formula One construcotors is likely to be based on strategivc capabilities that are valuable and moderate to its long -term survival or competetive advantage . There are two of import components of strategic capabilities resources and competence(ksiazka kopiowana) elections are the asstes that organisation swallow or can call upon and competence are the instructions those as dresss are utilize or deployed effectively.In this case of formula one constructores resouresec are machinces ,patents ,computer systems , managers , engenires and deisgners as resources are all as jells controlled and possessed by the firm (Barney, 1991) and competences are productivity ,organisational values, managerial competencies, organisational structure, care for and technology ,knowl dege flexibility and experance ,skills as a kernel competencies according to Prahalad and Hamel (1990) and which are the collective knowledge about how to coordinate the business.Unfortynately efficiency and effectivity of physical resources or financial resources or the people in F1 team face not just on their origination by on the system and puzzle outes by which they are managed ,its depend of reletaioshiops and cooperation of the people in the team thier adapt aptitude, thier innovatory capicity and and thier experciance and learnbing about what works easily what does not which and develop nerve center competencies within the firm or team .Core competences are crucial as they linked set of skills ,activities and recourses that togehter deliver value,differentiate business from its competitors . To core competences of teams competing in F1 we may include effective conversation between the constructors and the driver, ability to negotiate sponsorships, leadership and mot ivating abilities of CEOs, efficient use of the budget and royalties, skills, knowledge and experience of the team as a whole. According to Teece (Teece, et al. 1997) firms capabilities needed for effective operations ill not support ships companys superior performance. Strategic capabilities of the firm or in this case F1 tollructors team can not be static they need to dynamic and change ,re reinvigorated and recreate to go steady the needs of the changing environmnet where Formula one Industry is most technologically positive and competretive motorsprort industry . Dynamic capabilities confirms that in come in to remain warring company must possess the competence to renew and redress their strategic capabilities to operate effectively and efficiently in changing environs.As It is significant for F1 team to work on design and development of both engine and car configuration on everyday changing basis, to keep existing but also give new sponsors which are crucial for a ny F1 team , to continuingly motivate and also move into the new talents. These knowledge resources and capabilities, resulting from learning passagees implies an forward motion in response capacity through a broader envisioning of the dynamic and competetive environment (Dodgson, 1993 Sinkula, 1994).The organizational learning process such as in F1constructors Team helps tem to incur why problems are seen in a one dimensional frame work posing questions of the current systems and challenging paradoxes as they occur (Murray and Donegan, 2003) . We believe that the careful require of how capabilities and competition mutually influence each other could be one of the bordering great opportunities for the field of outline research. Henderson and Mitchell, entree to the Summer 1997 Special Issue makeup and Competitive Interactions of the Strategic Management Journal. The issue of firm performance and what startegic approch they should select to achieve sutainale competetive a dvantege has been disccuesed for decades and encompasses most other questions that make been raised in the field, as for instance, why firms differ, how they behave, how they guide strategies and how they are managed (door guard,1991) (Ansoff, 1976). n this case there are two different startegic approches are presented the localisation approach and the resource based view . In itiated in the mid-1980s by Wernerfelt (1984), Rumelt (1984) and Barney (1986), the resource-based view (RBV) has since become one of the preponderating contemporary approaches to the analysis of sustained competitive advantage. A central premise of the resource-based view is that firms compete on the basis of their resources and capabilities (Peteraf and Bergen, 2003). Resource based view theories suggest that in order to take the part of F1 race the team must retain obvious resources such as highly certified good staff which would include race engineers, designers, aerodynamicist, composite expert, s ystem specialist, but also CEO, budget, sponsorship and also the driver as the core competent resource inluencing succes of the team .The positioniong approch for business says that the best way to predict the afterlife is to create it, and companies are often able to position themselves in ways which set and exploit the basis of competition to their advantage. The stance approach is strongly linked with Porter strategic view , who argues that in order to achieve superior performance company must to understand the structure of the industry, in which it operates.This will allow the firm to jell their strategy and exploit the underlying economical divisors within the industry even best than their competitors do which might allow to outperform them . From other point of view of (Barney, 1991, Rumelt, 1984) this approch is criticised , as it assumes that all businesses operates on an equal organisational field. As Formula one industry is sooner closed industry , creates field of c onstant formal or imformal shareing of common technoligies innovations , regulationa as also tacticts and stategic approches .According to Porter (1985) attractiveness of the sphere of influence can be defined by the implementation of the five forces model. Implication of this model to F1 motorsport industry presents that this industry is very difficult to enter industry with the low threat of new entrants cod to high start-up be and investments , there is quite low pledge power of customers due considerable number of viewers, power of suppliers is not rattling strong and very low level of potential difference substitute within industry but with very strong competetive high inspiration of rivalry .F1 has passed trough maturity form around 1970-1980s, an this demonstrat that the major players are in industry for good while what makes them hearty experiance and determined to achive competetive advantege agaist other top F1 constructors . And this raises the question what can be done to obtain and sustain competitive advantage in such environment? According to the positioning approach business can gain competitive advantage either through price leadership or product differentiation (Porter, 1979).A cost leadership strategy requires that a business define the source of cost advantage, which allows it to sell its products and services cheaper than rivals. differentiation strategy on the other mass concentrates mostly on developing the product which will differ from those manufactured by a businesss competitors. within this type of industry sucha s Formula one motorsport there is no aplication for cost leadership stertegy as F1 constructor are foc apply on winning championships not looking at spending cost alomst at all .Formula one Teams development differentiation strategy which is enebling them to used thier avaiable resources in most innovative and attriactive way to achieve competetive advantege which something proved that this is still not nice to suceeddd in the longer term as all F1 constructors are strongly focus on differrttinagn and constant innovating of their teams agaisnt oders competiotrs .Another singnisicant external cistron incluencing sucess of any constructors team are shifts anbd changes in environmnt which can suddenly change the value and importance of particular resoures and this is fundamental to understand and predict this before other to sustain advantege and this is what Williams constructors team has done in mid of 1990s. Williams team presents technological revolution in mid of 1990 by focusing on engerring aspetc which enables them to use many of innovations developed by others teams .During the period 1992-1994 Williams cars won 27 out of 48races and they secured F1 consctrucor title for there years and they won Race championship in 1992 aand 1993 . By both frump Williams and Patrick creative thinker designs which were even more functional and innovative than this used in competitiors teams ,t hey makes thier bolides both very extravagant and reliable. The car development process was ever top priority for Mr . Willinams and Patrick Head where importance of drivers took second little important transmit in their management of competetive advantege .Unfortunately they didnet realised importance of the good test driver occasion which who could help technicain to define and solve the probllems with the car to developed thier deisgn and set up evnen more effectively . Main a source of competitive advantage for Wiilliam team was thier skillful excellence created by William and Head and maintenance in building apprisalships with thier engine supplier Renault which was very valuable due to homosexual and finacnial resources invested into the project.Most importnat for Williamss team was to gain a constructor leadership, by the development of innovative combination of engine and the car chassis. Thier severalize strategy which focused on the deelopment process of engine a nd the boilids become also a base of the sustainable competitive advantage where driver was perceived as slight important movable resources as they do not belive putting milions in to driver is nessersary , since the development of outstanding bolide . coarse williams and his masculino approch unfortunateky was prejudicially effecting drivers relationships within thier F1 team .Actually Williams team dominance in mid 1990 was also resulted of many other internal and external factors such as innovative development of thier competitors such as ground effect and active suspension developed by Lotus , carbon-composite monocoque developed by McLaren and and turnout automatic gearbox developed by Ferrari . Close business relations with Renault and invaluable long-lasting relationship between Patrick Head and Frank Williams. Frank strategy was prosperous only for tierce season in constructors championship, longer due to series of negative events occurring between 1994 and 1995 .Will iams team the best driver Ayrton Senna, died in the tragical chance during a San Marino Grand Prix in Imola in 1194. This accident shekad with whole Formula one industry as A. Senna was the most talented driver in F1. After year In 1995 Renault, decided to start manufacture, the engines as well for Benetton team. Furthermore one of Williams ex designers helped Benetton with car development, in which many technological innovations used by Williams in thier boilids influencing sluggish process of loosing competetive advantege of their tea . Another international factor which imacpt on fuutere ledarship of williams team was that M.Schumacher coupled Benneton team . Thankfully for Williams, Schumacher shortly travel to less competitive Ferrari, giving Williams team a clear way for gaining their sustain competetive advantege lost. Frank strategy was successful only for three season in constructors championship, longer due to series of negative events occurring between 1994 and 1995 . Williams team the best driver Ayrton Senna, died in the tragic accident during a San Marino Grand Prix in Imola in 1194. This accident shekad with whole Formula one industry as A. Senna was the most talented driver in F1.After year In 1995 Renault, decided to start manufacture, the engines as well for Benetton team. Furthermore one of Williams ex designers helped Benetton with car development, in which many technological innovations used by Williams in thier boilids influencing slow process of loosing competetive advantege of their tea . Another External factor which imacpt on fuutere ledarship of williams team was that M. Schumacher joined Benneton team . Thankfully for Williams, Schumacher shortly moved to less competitive Ferrari, giving Williams team a clear way for gaining their sustain competetive advantege lost.The critical elements which impact Williams losss of sustainable competitive advantage after mid of 1990 were based of their priority focus on developments of engerer ing resources to win constructors championship , and laack of startegic management of thier capabilieteis and ability to linked then to each other to achieve superrior performance avoinding crating disadvantege threshold capabilities. I am of the opinion that in some way it created disadvantage for the team. Previously mentions Knowledge based view mentioned confirmed how important or even most important are human resources and the ability to share collected information. nfortynatek within Williams F1 team this approcha was not really adoreed especially in relation to the role of the dirver and thier proffesional knowledge that they possesed even if they changed each season . Aityan (2012) described that to expect a high level of loyalty from the employee, the organisation should show similar or even higher level of loyalty to them where in Williams team , Patrics Head unitedly with Franks imperious leadership tendency to drivers does not reading that at all and was also pull ey flow of valuable information between departments . hats why drivers were leaving after one season (e. g. Mansel, Prost). I i have described Formula one indusrty as closed industry with low probabiolity of new entrants FranK did NOT realised that by this management approch he was disadbventing his team by letting drivers and even engeneires share their knowlded and concepts obtiane in williams team with other competitor teams . According to Pickett (2004) when people leave, their knowledge also does. . Tymon et al. 2010) gear up that the key predictors of employees intention to leave are satisfaction with and pride in the organization and perception of it being socially responsible. Williamss management to secure their competitive advantage should have a bring out developed career developemnt program for their key employees where they should be empowerd in decision makin process within the team and and drivers should be respect and not treated as the recruits . The best teamFerr ari would not be able to achieve the succes even with this all tangible resources without straight-laced and effective management strtegies allow all this available resources to be linked together and effiently Ferrari apooitned new boos who was twenty five year old, connected to Fiat owners, lawyer Luca di Montezemolo perceived as young and not necessary familiar with the industry surprisingly he appeared to be a perfect conform to for the role due to his managerial skills and ability to put the order into day to day operations.At the same time new technical director Mauro Forghieri and a new leading driver Niki Lauda were appointed. Ferrari constructors team with thier autocratic style and thier respect for the importance of human resoursec in any developmnets precess proved to crrate and sustain the best source of competetive advatege by linkeages all tangible and in tangible resourses working(a) together in appropiete manner wirh great copoeration of the key members of the t eam within the team .